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mCAT Biology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine signaling involves the secretion of [blank] directly into the bloodstream

A

hormones

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2
Q

[blank] are composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during postranslational modification

A

peptide hormones

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3
Q

peptide hormones are [blank] and cannot pass through the plasma membrane hint phisochemical property

A

polar

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4
Q

peptide hormones bind to [blank] receptors where they trigger the transmission of a [blank]

A

extracellular// second messanger

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5
Q

each step of the [blank] can induce [blank] of the signal

A

signaling cascade// amplification

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6
Q

peptide hormones exert effects that usually have [blank] onset but are [blank] lived

A

rapid// short

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7
Q

peptide hormones are [blank] so they travel freely in the blood stream and do not require a special carrier

A

water-soluble

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8
Q

[blank] are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormones

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9
Q

steroid hormones are [blank] and can pass through the plasma membrane

A

minimally polar

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10
Q

steroid hormones bind to and promote a conformational change in [blank] or [blank] receptors

A

cytosolic or intranuclear receptors

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11
Q

the hormone-receptor complex binds to [blank] altering the transcription of a particular gene

A

DNA

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12
Q

steroid hormones exert effects that usually have [blank] onset but are [blank] lived

A

slow// long

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13
Q

steroid hormones are [blank] and they cannot dissolve into the bloodstream and must be carried by specific proteins

A

lipid-soluble

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14
Q

[blank] are modified amino acids

A

amino acid-derivative hormones

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15
Q

common examples of amino acid-derivatives are…

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine

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16
Q

hormones can be classified by their [blank]

A

target tissues

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17
Q

[blank] have major effects on non-endocrine tissues

A

direct hormones

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18
Q

[blank] have major effects on the endocrine tissues

A

tropic hormones

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19
Q

the [blank] is the bridge between the nervous system and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

in [blank] the final hormones of a pathway inhibits hormones earlier in the pathway which maintains homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates the [blank] gland through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system which directly connects the 2 organs

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

[blank] promotes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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23
Q

[blank] promotes the release of growth hormones

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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24
Q

[blank] promotes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

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25
[blank] promotes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
26
[blank] inhibits the release of prolactin
prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIH or dopamine)
27
the [blank] releases hormones in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
28
tropic hormones include...
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
29
direct hormones include...
prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone
30
[blank] promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
31
[blank] promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
lutenizing hormone (LH)
32
[blank] promotes the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
33
[blank] promotes the synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
34
[blank] promotes milk production
prolactin
35
[blank] decrease preception of pain and can produce euphoria
endorphins
36
[blank] promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues
growth hormone (GH)
37
the [blank] releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
38
[blank] is secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity and increased reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron , increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity
antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
39
[blank] is secreted during childbirth and is promotes uterine contractions. also promotes milk ejection and has a positive feedback loop
oxytocin
40
the [blank] is located at the base of the neck in front of the trachea and produced 3 key hormones
thyroid
41
[blank] and [blank] are produced by follicular cells and contain iodine. they increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids
triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
42
triiodothyronine and thyroxine are produced by [blank]
`follicular cells
43
[blank] is produced by parafollicular (C) cells. it descreased plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, promoting calcium storage in bone
calcitonin
44
calcitonin is produced by [blank]
parafollicular cells
45
the [blank] released parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increased blood calcium concentration
parathyroid glands
46
[blank] increases blood calcium concentration
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
47
PTH [blank] excretion of calcium by the kidneys and [blank] bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium concentration
decreases// increases
48
PTH activates [blank] which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut
vitamin D
49
the [blank] produces three classes of steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
50
[blank] such as cortisol and cortisone increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit the immune system and participate in the stress response
glucocorticoids
51
glucocorticoid release is stimulated by [blank]
ACTH
52
[blank] such as aldosterone promote sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
mineralcorticoids
53
aldosterone activity is regulated by the [blank]
renin-angiotensin aldosterone system
54
[blank] include androgens (testosterone/estrogen)
cortical sex hormones
55
the [blank] is derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the bloodstream
adrenal medulla
56
[blank] include epinephrine and norepinephrine which are involved in the fight-or-flight response
catecholamines
57
[blank] and [blank] are involved in the fight-or-flight response
epinephrine// norepinephrine
58
the fight-or-flight response is a [blank] response
sympathetic
59
[blank] promote glycogenolysis, increase the basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi, and alter blood flow
catecholamines
60
the endocrine [blank] produces hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis
pancreas
61
[blank] is produced by alpha-cells and raise blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis
glucagon
62
[blank] is produced by beta-cells and lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis
insulin
63
[blank] is produced by delta-cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
somatostatin
64
the [blank] produce hormones that are involved in the development and maintenance of the reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics
gonads
65
the testes secrete [blank]
testosterone
66
the ovaries secrete [blank] and [blank]
estrogen// progesterone
67
the pineal gland releases [blank], which help regulate circadian rhythms
melatonin
68
cells in the stomach and intestines produce hormones like [blank] [blank] and [blank]
secretin// gastrin// cholecytokinin
69
the kidneys secrete [blank] which stimulates bone marrow to produce eryhtrocytes in response to low oxygen levels in the blood
erythropoietin
70
the atria of the heart secrete [blank] which promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
71
the thymus secretes [blank] which is important for proper T-cell development and differentiation
thymosin
72
[blank] stimulates follicle maturation in females; spermatogenesis in males
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
73
[blank] stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males
luteinizing hormone (LH)
74
[blank] stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
adernocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
75
[blank] stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
76
[blank] stimulates milk production and secretion
prolactin
77
[blank] decrease sensation of pains; can promote euphoria
endorphins
78
[blank] stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels
growth hormone (GH)
79
[blank] stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting ducts
antidieuretic hormone (ADH)
80
[blank] stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior
oxytocin
81
[blank] stimulates metabolic activity
triiodothyroinine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
82
[blank] decreases blood calcium concentrations
calcitonin
83
[blank] increases blood calcium concentrations
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
84
[blank] increases blood glucose concentrations; decreases protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory
glucocorticoids
85
[blank] increase water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
mineralocorticoids
86
[blank] / [blank] increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns
epinephrine// norepinephrine
87
[blank] stimulates glycogen breakdown; increases blood glucose concentrations
glucagon
88
[blank] lowers blood glucose concentrations and promotes anabolic processes
insulin
89
[blank] suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
somatostatin
90
[blank] induces the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
testosterone
91
[blank] induces the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system
estrogen
92
[blank] promotes maintenance of the endometrium
progesterone
93
[blank] involved in circadian rhythm
melatonin
94
[blank] stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes
erythropoietin
95
[blank] promotes salt and water excretion
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
96
[blank] stimulates T-cell development
thymosin

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