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mCAT Biology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine signaling involves the secretion of [blank] directly into the bloodstream

A

hormones

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2
Q

[blank] are composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during postranslational modification

A

peptide hormones

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3
Q

peptide hormones are [blank] and cannot pass through the plasma membrane hint phisochemical property

A

polar

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4
Q

peptide hormones bind to [blank] receptors where they trigger the transmission of a [blank]

A

extracellular// second messanger

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5
Q

each step of the [blank] can induce [blank] of the signal

A

signaling cascade// amplification

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6
Q

peptide hormones exert effects that usually have [blank] onset but are [blank] lived

A

rapid// short

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7
Q

peptide hormones are [blank] so they travel freely in the blood stream and do not require a special carrier

A

water-soluble

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8
Q

[blank] are derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormones

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9
Q

steroid hormones are [blank] and can pass through the plasma membrane

A

minimally polar

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10
Q

steroid hormones bind to and promote a conformational change in [blank] or [blank] receptors

A

cytosolic or intranuclear receptors

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11
Q

the hormone-receptor complex binds to [blank] altering the transcription of a particular gene

A

DNA

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12
Q

steroid hormones exert effects that usually have [blank] onset but are [blank] lived

A

slow// long

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13
Q

steroid hormones are [blank] and they cannot dissolve into the bloodstream and must be carried by specific proteins

A

lipid-soluble

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14
Q

[blank] are modified amino acids

A

amino acid-derivative hormones

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15
Q

common examples of amino acid-derivatives are…

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine

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16
Q

hormones can be classified by their [blank]

A

target tissues

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17
Q

[blank] have major effects on non-endocrine tissues

A

direct hormones

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18
Q

[blank] have major effects on the endocrine tissues

A

tropic hormones

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19
Q

the [blank] is the bridge between the nervous system and endocrine systems

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

in [blank] the final hormones of a pathway inhibits hormones earlier in the pathway which maintains homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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21
Q

the hypothalamus stimulates the [blank] gland through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system which directly connects the 2 organs

A

anterior pituitary

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22
Q

[blank] promotes the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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23
Q

[blank] promotes the release of growth hormones

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

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24
Q

[blank] promotes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

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25
Q

[blank] promotes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

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26
Q

[blank] inhibits the release of prolactin

A

prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIH or dopamine)

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27
Q

the [blank] releases hormones in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary

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28
Q

tropic hormones include…

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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29
Q

direct hormones include…

A

prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone

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30
Q

[blank] promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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31
Q

[blank] promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

A

lutenizing hormone (LH)

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32
Q

[blank] promotes the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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33
Q

[blank] promotes the synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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34
Q

[blank] promotes milk production

A

prolactin

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35
Q

[blank] decrease preception of pain and can produce euphoria

A

endorphins

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36
Q

[blank] promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues

A

growth hormone (GH)

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37
Q

the [blank] releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary

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38
Q

[blank] is secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity and increased reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron , increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

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39
Q

[blank] is secreted during childbirth and is promotes uterine contractions. also promotes milk ejection and has a positive feedback loop

A

oxytocin

40
Q

the [blank] is located at the base of the neck in front of the trachea and produced 3 key hormones

A

thyroid

41
Q

[blank] and [blank] are produced by follicular cells and contain iodine. they increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

42
Q

triiodothyronine and thyroxine are produced by [blank]

A

`follicular cells

43
Q

[blank] is produced by parafollicular (C) cells. it descreased plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, promoting calcium storage in bone

A

calcitonin

44
Q

calcitonin is produced by [blank]

A

parafollicular cells

45
Q

the [blank] released parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increased blood calcium concentration

A

parathyroid glands

46
Q

[blank] increases blood calcium concentration

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

47
Q

PTH [blank] excretion of calcium by the kidneys and [blank] bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium concentration

A

decreases// increases

48
Q

PTH activates [blank] which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut

A

vitamin D

49
Q

the [blank] produces three classes of steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

50
Q

[blank] such as cortisol and cortisone increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit the immune system and participate in the stress response

A

glucocorticoids

51
Q

glucocorticoid release is stimulated by [blank]

A

ACTH

52
Q

[blank] such as aldosterone promote sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule

A

mineralcorticoids

53
Q

aldosterone activity is regulated by the [blank]

A

renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

54
Q

[blank] include androgens (testosterone/estrogen)

A

cortical sex hormones

55
Q

the [blank] is derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the bloodstream

A

adrenal medulla

56
Q

[blank] include epinephrine and norepinephrine which are involved in the fight-or-flight response

A

catecholamines

57
Q

[blank] and [blank] are involved in the fight-or-flight response

A

epinephrine// norepinephrine

58
Q

the fight-or-flight response is a [blank] response

A

sympathetic

59
Q

[blank] promote glycogenolysis, increase the basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi, and alter blood flow

A

catecholamines

60
Q

the endocrine [blank] produces hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

A

pancreas

61
Q

[blank] is produced by alpha-cells and raise blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

A

glucagon

62
Q

[blank] is produced by beta-cells and lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

A

insulin

63
Q

[blank] is produced by delta-cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

A

somatostatin

64
Q

the [blank] produce hormones that are involved in the development and maintenance of the reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics

A

gonads

65
Q

the testes secrete [blank]

A

testosterone

66
Q

the ovaries secrete [blank] and [blank]

A

estrogen// progesterone

67
Q

the pineal gland releases [blank], which help regulate circadian rhythms

A

melatonin

68
Q

cells in the stomach and intestines produce hormones like [blank] [blank] and [blank]

A

secretin// gastrin// cholecytokinin

69
Q

the kidneys secrete [blank] which stimulates bone marrow to produce eryhtrocytes in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

A

erythropoietin

70
Q

the atria of the heart secrete [blank] which promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

71
Q

the thymus secretes [blank] which is important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

A

thymosin

72
Q

[blank] stimulates follicle maturation in females; spermatogenesis in males

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

73
Q

[blank] stimulates ovulation in females; testosterone synthesis in males

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

74
Q

[blank] stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

A

adernocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

75
Q

[blank] stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

76
Q

[blank] stimulates milk production and secretion

A

prolactin

77
Q

[blank] decrease sensation of pains; can promote euphoria

A

endorphins

78
Q

[blank] stimulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels

A

growth hormone (GH)

79
Q

[blank] stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting ducts

A

antidieuretic hormone (ADH)

80
Q

[blank] stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior

A

oxytocin

81
Q

[blank] stimulates metabolic activity

A

triiodothyroinine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

82
Q

[blank] decreases blood calcium concentrations

A

calcitonin

83
Q

[blank] increases blood calcium concentrations

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

84
Q

[blank] increases blood glucose concentrations; decreases protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory

A

glucocorticoids

85
Q

[blank] increase water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promotes potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

A

mineralocorticoids

86
Q

[blank] / [blank] increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns

A

epinephrine// norepinephrine

87
Q

[blank] stimulates glycogen breakdown; increases blood glucose concentrations

A

glucagon

88
Q

[blank] lowers blood glucose concentrations and promotes anabolic processes

A

insulin

89
Q

[blank] suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

A

somatostatin

90
Q

[blank] induces the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system

A

testosterone

91
Q

[blank] induces the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system

A

estrogen

92
Q

[blank] promotes maintenance of the endometrium

A

progesterone

93
Q

[blank] involved in circadian rhythm

A

melatonin

94
Q

[blank] stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes

A

erythropoietin

95
Q

[blank] promotes salt and water excretion

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

96
Q

[blank] stimulates T-cell development

A

thymosin

mCAT Biology (13 decks)

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