The Immune System

Question 1

the immune system can be divided into [blank] and [blank] immunity

Answer 1

innate// adaptive

Question 2

[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that are always active, but that cannot target a specific invader and cannot maintain immunologic memory

Answer 2

innate immunity

Question 3

innate immunity is also known as [blank] immunity

Answer 3

nonspecific immunity

Question 4

[blank] immunity is composed of defenses that take time to activate, but that target a specific invader and can maintain immunologic memory

Answer 4

adaptive immuntiy

Question 5

adaptive immunity is also known as [blank] immunity

Answer 5

specific

Question 6

immune cells come from [blank]

Answer 6

bone marrow

Question 7

the [blank] and [blank] are sites where immune responses can be mounted, and in which B-cells are activated

Answer 7

spleen// lymph nodes

Question 8

the [blank] is the site of T-cell maturation

Answer 8

thymus

Question 9

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes [blank] and [blank]

Answer 9

tonsils// adenoids

Question 10

GALT stands for…

Answer 10

gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 11

[blank] are white blood cells

Answer 11

leukocytes

Question 12

[blank] are involved in immune defenses

Answer 12

leukocytes

Question 13

many of the [blank] defenses are noncellular

Answer 13

nonspecific

Question 14

the [blank] acts as a physical barrier and secretes antimicrobial compounds like defensins

Answer 14

skin

Question 15

[blank] on [blank] membranes trap pathogens

Answer 15

mucus// mucous

Question 16

tears and saliva contain [blank], an antibacterial compound

Answer 16

lysozyme

Question 17

the stomach produces [blank] to kill most pathogens

Answer 17

acid

Question 18

[blank] of the gut helps prevent overgrowth by pathogenic bacteria through competition

Answer 18

colonization

Question 19

the [blank] system can punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, making them osmotically unstable

Answer 19

complement system

Question 20

[blank] are given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersion to nearby cells

Answer 20

interferons

Question 21

many of the [blank] defenses are ALSO cellular

Answer 21

nonspecific

Question 22

[blank] ingest pathogens and present them on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules

Answer 22

macrophages

Question 23

macrophages secrete [blank]

Answer 23

cytokines

Question 24

[blank] is present in all nucleated cells and displays endogenous antigen to cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 24

MHC class I

Question 25

MHC stands for...

Answer 25

major histocompatibility complex

Question 26

[blank] are proteins from within the cell

Answer 26

endogenous antigen

Question 27

[blank] is present in professional antigen-presenting cells and displays exogenous antigen to helper T-cells

Answer 27

MHC class II

Question 28

antigen-presenting cells include...

Answer 28

macrophages, dendritic cells, some B-cells, and certain activated epithelial cells

Question 29

[blank] are proteins from outside of the cell

Answer 29

exogenous antigens

Question 30

[blank] cells are antigen-presenting cells in the skin

Answer 30

dendritic cells

Question 31

[blank] cells attack cells not presenting MHC molecules, including virally infected cells and cancer cells

Answer 31

natural killer (NK) cells

Question 32

[blank] include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Answer 32

granulocytes

Question 33

[blank] ingest bacteria, particularly opsonized bacteria (those marked with antibodies)

Answer 33

neutrophils

Question 34

neutrophils can follow bacteria using [blank]

Answer 34

chemotaxis

Question 35

[blank] are used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections and release histamine

Answer 35

eosinophils

Question 36

eosinophils release [blank] causing an inflammatory response

Answer 36

histamine

Question 37

[blank] are used in allergic reactions and are related to mast cells

Answer 37

basophils

Question 38

[blank] are cells related to basophils and are found on the skin

Answer 38

mast cells

Question 39

[blank] is centered on antibody production by plasma cells which are activated by B-cells

Answer 39

humoral immunity

Question 40

humoral immunity is activated by [blank] cells

Answer 40

B-cells

Question 41

[blank] target a particular antigen

Answer 41

antibodies

Question 42

antibodies contain two [blank] and two [blank]

Answer 42

heavy chains// light chains

Question 43

antibodies have a [blank] region and a [blank] region

Answer 43

constant// variable

Question 44

the tip of the variable region of an antibody is called the [blank]

Answer 44

antigen-binding region

Question 45

when activated, the antigen-binding region undergoes [blank] to improve the specificity of the antibody produced

Answer 45

hypermutation

Question 46

during hypermutation cells may be given signals to switch [blank] of antibody (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, IgA)

Answer 46

isotypes

Question 47

circulation antibodies can [blank] pathogens, cause [blank] into insoluble complexes that are ingested by phagocytes, or [blank] pathogens

Answer 47

opsonize// agglutination// neutralize

Question 48

[blank] marks pathogens for destruction

Answer 48

opsonize

Question 49

[blank] is also referred to as pathogen clumping

Answer 49

agglutination

Question 50

[blank] antibodies can activated immune cells or mediate allergic reactions

Answer 50

cell-surface antibodies

Question 51

[blank] cells lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response or a secondary response

Answer 51

memory-B cells

Question 52

[blank] immunity is centered on the function of T-cells

Answer 52

cell-mediated immunity

Question 53

cell-mediated immunity is also known as [blank]

Answer 53

cytotoxic

Question 54

T-cells undergo maturation in the thymus through [blank] and [blank]

Answer 54

positive selection// negative selection

Question 55

[blank] selection is only selecting the T-cells that can react to antigen presented on MHC

Answer 55

positive selection

Question 56

[blank] selection causes apoptosis in self-reactive T-cels

Answer 56

negative selection

Question 57

the peptide hormone [blank] promotes T-cell development

Answer 57

thymosin

Question 58

[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-II and coordinate the rest of the immune system

Answer 58

helper T-cells

Question 59

helper T-cells secrete [blank] to active various arms of immune defense

Answer 59

lymphokines

Question 60

Th1 cells secrete [blank] which activates macrophages

Answer 60

interferon gamma

Question 61

Th2 cells activate [blank], primarily in parasitic infections

Answer 61

B-cells

Question 62

[blank] cells respond to antigen on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

Answer 62

cytotoxic t-cells

Question 63

[blank] cells tone down the immune response after an infection and promote self-tolerance

Answer 63

suppressor T-cells

Question 64

[blank] cells serve a similar function to memory-B cells

Answer 64

memory T-cells

Question 65

in [blank] conditions, a self-antigen is identified as foreign, and the immune system attacks the body's own cells

Answer 65

autoimmune condition

Question 66

in [blank], nonthreatening exposures incite an inflammatory response

Answer 66

allergic reactions

Question 67

immunization is a method of inducing [blank] immunity prior to exposure to a particular pathogen

Answer 67

active immunity

Question 68

[blank] immunity is the transfer of antibodies to an individual

Answer 68

passive immunity

Question 69

the [blank] system is a circulatory system that consists of one-way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes

Answer 69

lymphatic system

Question 70

the lymphatic system connects to the cardiovascular system via the [blank] in the posterior chest

Answer 70

thoracic duct

Question 71

the lymphatic system does these things...

Answer 71

1. ) equalizes fluid distribution 2. ) transports fats and fat-soluble compounds 3. ) provides sites for mounting immune responses