Genetics and Evolution

Question 1

[blank] contain genes in a linear sequence

Answer 1

chromosomes

Question 2

[blank] are alternative forms of a gene

Answer 2

alleles

Question 3

a [blank] allele requires only one copy to be expressed

Answer 3

dominant

Question 4

a [blank] allele requires two copies to be expressed

Answer 4

recessive

Question 5

a [blank] is the combination of alleles one has given genetic locus

Answer 5

genotype

Question 6

having two of the same allele is termed [blank]

Answer 6

homozygous

Question 7

having two different alleles is termed [blank]

Answer 7

heterozygous

Question 8

having only one allele is termed [blank]

Answer 8

hemizygous

Question 9

a [blank] is the observable manifestation of a genotype

Answer 9

phenotype

Question 10

[blank] is when the effect of one allele completely masks the effect of another

Answer 10

complete dominance

Question 11

[blank] has more than one dominant allele

Answer 11

codominance

Question 12

[blank] has no dominant alleles; heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes

Answer 12

incomplete dominance

Question 13

[blank] is the proportion of a population with a given genotype who express the phenotype

Answer 13

penetrance

Question 14

[blank] refers to the varying phenotypic manifestations of a given genotype

Answer 14

expressivity

Question 15

mendel’s first law of segregation

Answer 15

states that an organism has two alleles for each gene, which segregate during meiosis, resulting in gametes carrying only one allele for a trait

Question 16

mendel’s second law of independent assortment

Answer 16

states that the inheritance of one allele does not influence that probability of inheriting an allele for a different trait

Question 17

[blank] demonstrated the transforming principle, converting non-virulent live bacteria into virulent bacteria by exposure to hear-killed virulent bacteria

Answer 17

the Griffith experiment

Question 18

the [blank] demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material because degradation of DNA led to a cessation of bacterial transformation

Answer 18

the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment

Question 19

the [blank] confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria

Answer 19

the Hershey-Chase experiment

Question 20

all of the alleles in a given population constitute the [blank]

Answer 20

gene pool

Question 21

[blank] are changes in DNA sequence

Answer 21

mutations

Question 22

nucleotide mutations include [blank] and [blank]

Answer 22

point mutations// frameshift mutations

Question 23

[blank] is the substituting of one nucleotide for another

Answer 23

point mutations

Question 24

[blank] is moving the three-letter transcriptional reading frame

Answer 24

frameshift mutations

Question 25

a [blank] has no effect on the protein

Answer 25

silent mutation

Question 26

a [blank] results in the substitution on one amino acid for another

Answer 26

missense mutation

Question 27

a [blank] results in the substitution of a stop codon for an amino acid

Answer 27

nonsense mutation

Question 28

[blank] and [blank] result in a shift in the reading frame, leading to changes for all downstream amino acids

Answer 28

insertions// deletions

Question 29

[blank] include larger-scale mutations affecting whole segments of DNA

Answer 29

chromosomal mutations

Question 30

[blank] occur when a large segment of DNA is lost

Answer 30

deletion mutations

Question 31

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times

Answer 31

duplication mutations

Question 32

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is reversed

Answer 32

inversion mutations

Question 33

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

Answer 33

insertion mutations

Question 34

[blank] occur when a segment of DNA is swapped with a segment of DNA from another chromosome

Answer 34

translocation mutations

Question 35

genetic [blank] is a flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring

Answer 35

leakage

Question 36

[blank] occurs when the composition of the gene pool changes as a result of chance

Answer 36

genetic drift

Question 37

the [blank] results from bottlenecks that suddenly isolate a small population, leading to inbreeding and increased prevalence of certain homozygous genotypes

Answer 37

the founder effect

Question 38

[blank] visually represent the crossing of gametes from parents to show relative genotypic and phenotypic frequencies

Answer 38

punnett squares

Question 39

the [blank] is represented by P

Answer 39

the parent generation

Question 40

[blank] or offspring are represented by F1, F2, etc.

Answer 40

filial generation

Question 41

a [blank] accounts for one gene

Answer 41

monohybrid cross

Question 42

a [blank] accounts for two genes

Answer 42

dihybrid cross

Question 43

in [blank], sex chromosomes are usually used to indicate sex as well as genotype

Answer 43

sex-linked crosses

Question 44

the [blank] is the likelihood of two alleles being separated during crossing over in meiosis

Answer 44

recombination frequency

Question 45

[blank] can be made using recombination frequency as the scale in centimorgans

Answer 45

genetic maps

Question 46

the [blank] states that if a population meets certain criteria, then the allele frequencies will remain constant

Answer 46

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Question 47

[blank] states that chance variations exist between individuals and that advantageous variations afford the most opportunities for reproductive success

Answer 47

natural selection

Question 48

the [blank] model accounts for mutation and recombination as mechanisms of variation and considers differential reproduction to be the mechanism for reproductive success

Answer 48

the modern synthesis model

Question 49

[blank] considers an organism's success to be based on the number of offspring. success in supporting offspring, and the ability of the offspring to then support others; survival of offspring or relatives ensures appearance of genes in subsequent generations

Answer 49

inclusive fitness

Question 50

[blank] considers evolution to be a very slow process with intermittent rapid bursts of evolutionary activity

Answer 50

punctuated equilibrium

Question 51

different types of selection lead to changes in [blank]

Answer 51

phenotypes

Question 52

[blank] keeps phenotypes in a narrow range, excluding extremes

Answer 52

stabilizing selection

Question 53

[blank] moves the average phenotype toward one extreme

Answer 53

directional selection

Question 54

[blank] moves the population toward two different phenotypes at the extremes and can lead to speciation

Answer 54

disruptive selection

Question 55

[blank] is the rapid emergence of multiple species from a common ancestor, each of which occupies its own ecological niche

Answer 55

adaptive radiation

Question 56

a [blank] is the largest group of organisms capable of breeding to form fertile offspring

Answer 56

species

Question 57

species are [blank] from each other by pre- or postzygotic mechanisms

Answer 57

reproductively isolated

Question 58

[blank] occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor become more different

Answer 58

divergent evolution

Question 59

[blank] occurs when two species sharing a common ancestor evolve in similar ways due to analogous selection pressures

Answer 59

parallel evolution

Question 60

[blank] occurs when two species not sharing a recent ancestor evolve to become more similar due to analogous selection pressure

Answer 60

convergent evolution

Question 61

according to the [blank], the degree of difference in the genome between two species is related to the amount of time since the two species broke off from a common ancestor

Answer 61

molecular clock model