The Respiratory System

Question 1

air is drawn through the [blank] and the nasal cavity

Answer 1

nares

Question 2

[blank] is where air is warmed and humidified in the nasal cavity

Answer 2

pharynx

Question 3

the air is filtered by nasal hairs or [blank] and mucous membranes

Answer 3

vibrissae

Question 4

[blank] are small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell thick membrane

Answer 4

alveoli

Question 5

[blank] in the alveoli reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface

Answer 5

surfactant

Question 6

the [blank] cover the lungs and line the chest wall

Answer 6

pleurae

Question 7

the [blank] pleurae lies adjacent to the lung itself

Answer 7

visceral

Question 8

the [blank] pleurae lines the chest wall

Answer 8

parietal

Question 9

the [blank] lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

Answer 9

intrapleural space

Question 10

the [blank] is a thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing

Answer 10

diaphragm

Question 11

[blank] is an active process

Answer 11

inhalation

Question 12

the diaphragm and [blank] expand the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space

Answer 12

external intercostal muscles

Question 13

inhalation decreases the [blank]

Answer 13

intrapleural pressure

Question 14

[blank] is when the pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping the pressure within and drawing air from the environment

Answer 14

negative-pressure breathing

Question 15

[blank] may be passive or active

Answer 15

exhalation

Question 16

in [blank] exhalation, relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume

Answer 16

passive exhalation

Question 17

the [blank] exhalation, the internal intracostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity pushing out air

Answer 17

active exhalation

Question 18

a [blank] can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

Answer 18

spirometer

Question 19

[blank] is the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

Answer 19

total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 20

[blank] is the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

Answer 20

residual volume (RV)

Question 21

[blank] is the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

Answer 21

vital capacity (VC)

Question 22

[blank] is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Answer 22

tidal volume (TV)

Question 23

[blank] is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

Answer 23

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 24

[blank] is the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

Answer 24

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 25

ventilation is regulated by the [blank], a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata

Answer 25

ventilation center

Question 26

[blank] respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 26

chemoreceptors

Question 27

[blank] is where there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 27

hypercarbia or hypercapnia

Question 28

the ventilation can also respond to low oxygen concentrations in the blood [blank] by increasing ventilation rate

Answer 28

hypoxemia

Question 29

ventilation can also be controlled consciously through the [blank] although the medulla oblongata will override the [blank] during extended periods of hypo/ hyperventilation

Answer 29

cerebrum

Question 30

the lungs perform [blank] with the blood through simple diffusion across concentration gradients

Answer 30

gas exchange

Question 31

[blank] with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via the [blank]

Answer 31

deoxygenated blood //pulmonary arteries

Question 32

[blank] with a low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs via the [blank]

Answer 32

oxygenated blood// pulmonary veins

Question 33

the large surface area of interaction between the alveoli and capillaries allows the respiratory system to assist in thermoregulation through [blank] and [blank] of capillary beds

Answer 33

vasodilation// vasoconstriction

Question 34

[blank] in the nasal cavity and saliva attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

Answer 34

lysozyme

Question 35

[blank] can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

Answer 35

macrophages

Question 36

mucosal surfaces are covered [blank] antibodies

Answer 36

IgA

Question 37

[blank] have antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release inflammatory chemicals, they are also involved in allergic reactions as well

Answer 37

mast cells

Question 38

the respiratory system is involved in pH control through the [blank] system

Answer 38

bicarbonate buffer

Question 39

the blood pH [blank], respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide... this causes a left shift in the buffer equation, [blank] hydrogen ion concentrations

Answer 39

decreases// reducing

Question 40

when blood pH [blank], respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide... this causes a right shift in the buffer equation, [blank] hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 40

increases// increasing

Question 41

breathing pathway

Answer 41

nares --> nasal cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli

Question 42

[blank] is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume

Answer 42

vital capacity (VC= IRV + ERV + TV)

Question 43

when CO2 levels become too low, the brain can [blank] the respiratory rate in order to raise CO2

Answer 43

decrease