Birds

Question 1

Class for birds

Answer 1

Class: Aves

Question 2

Domestic chicken genus species

Answer 2

Gallus domesticus

White leghorn most common research chicken

Question 3

What chicken is model of vitiligo

Answer 3

Smyth Line (SL)

Question 4

Which chicken is model of Herpesvirus-Induced Atherosclerosis?

Answer 4

White Leghorn

Induced by Marek’s disease herpesvirus

Question 5

Which chicken is a model of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)?

Answer 5

White Leghorn

Question 6

Which chicken is a model of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What two rodents?

Answer 6

Spontaneous, hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) of Obese Strain (OS) Chicken

Buffalo rat and Multimammate Rats (Mastomys)

Question 7

What chicken is a model for Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy? What is inheritance pattern?

Answer 7

New Hampshire chicken

Autosomal recessive

Question 8

What is the chicken alternative to the Draize eye irritation test in rabbits? What else can it be used for?

Answer 8

Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) test

Implantation studies (immunologically privileged)

Question 9

Genus species of Japanese quail

Answer 9

Coturnix japonica

Question 10

Coturnix japonica use in research

Answer 10

Model for embryogenesis

Birth defects, hypercholesterolemia and xanthomatosis, glycogen storage disease

Pompe’s dz (myotonic dystrophy)

Neurofilament-deficient mutant (“Quiver”)

Quail hypothalamic systems exhibit neuroplasticity – responsive to testosterone

Cloacal gland is androgen responsive, similar to the prostate

Osteoporosis model, as female birds use bones are mineral reservoir for egg production leading to bone turnover

Question 11

Which birds require gravel/grit in diet?

Answer 11

Those that eat whole seeds

Pigeon (Columba livia) and dove

Question 12

What is produced by male Japanese Quail after puberty?

Answer 12

Foam from the cloacal gland

Deposited during natural copulation can be retained by the female for more than 12h and contributes to prolonged sperm motility

Can also be due to presence of bacteria in cloacal gland

Can palpate cloacal gland and see this and know it is a male

Question 13

What virus in Japanese quail causes large basophilic INIB
Necrotizing proliferative bronchitis; and hepatic, splenic, and cloacal bursa necrosis

Answer 13

Quail Bronchitis Virus (QBV, type 1 avian adenovirus)

Question 14

3 most common viruses in Japanese quail

Answer 14

quail bronchitis virus/QBV (Adenoviridae), Newcastle virus (Paramyxoviridae),
and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (Genus Alphavirus, Togaviridae)

Question 15

How is EEE spread to Japanese Quail?

Answer 15

mosquito,
Culisetta melanura

Question 16

What causes the fatal disease Ulcerative enteritis ‘quail disease’? What tissues other than GI are affected? How to dx?

Answer 16

Clostridium colinum

Liver/spleen

Dx: Fresh liver culture on tryptose agar

Question 17

Japanese quail can be infected by which two serovars of Salmonella enterica

Answer 17

pullorum
disease (Salmonella pullorum) and fowl typhoid
(Salmonella gallinarum)

Question 18

What family contains Japanese quail?

Answer 18

Phasianidae

Question 19

What family contains zebra finch?

Answer 19

Estrildidae

Question 20

Zebra finch use in research

Answer 20

Neurobiology - similar striatal and pallidal cell types to mammalian brain

Songbird vocal learning of human speech

Question 21

What is special about zebra finch digits?

Answer 21

Feet are anisodactylous: 3 digits pointing forward, one back

Question 22

Do birds generally have more lymphocytes or granulocytes?

Answer 22

Lymphocytes

(main granulocyte = heterophil)

Question 23

What species of Mycobacteria affects psittacines/passerine birds vs other birds

Answer 23

M. avium MC agent in birds with mycobacteriosis, in psittacines/passerines actually M genavense MC

Question 24

Ddx coelomic distention female zebra finch

Answer 24

Egg-binding (if see yellow, yolk coelomitis –> euthanize)

Ovarian tumor

Question 25

Ddx zebra finch periocular swelling, SQ nodules

Answer 25

Polyomavirus

Question 26

Mites in zebra finches

Answer 26

Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus sylviarum are blood sucking mites Skin mites: Backericheyla and Neochyletiella SCALY mite: Knemidocoptes pilae (beak and feet) Air sac mite: Sternostoma tracheacolum Feather mite: Megninialges sp.

Question 27

T/F In captivity, C. japonica and C. coturnix (European common quail) will interbreed and produce fertile hybrids.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Incubation time for chickens vs quail

Answer 28

***Quail develop faster than chickens (16 vs 21 days)***

Question 29

How to sex C. japonica? And at what age do they exhibit sexual dimorphism/reach sexual maturity?

Answer 29

Females larger 6-8 weeks

Question 30

C. japonica and G. domesticus have a diploid number of ___ chromosomes.

Answer 30

78

Question 31

What is used to isolate DNA from C. japonica? What is used to screen for phenotype?

Answer 31

chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) observe hatchlings for feather color or developmental abnormalities

Question 32

For C. japonica what are 3 tissues/cells to use to determine transgene expression using fluorescent microscopy?

Answer 32

Fluorscent microscopy using: 1) Feather blood cells, 2) shell (eggshell) membrane cells or 3) CAM (chorioallantoic membrane)

Question 33

High/low temp is concern for shipping quail eggs. Upon arrival store at ___C. Embryonic death occurs at temps less than ___C.

Answer 33

High temp can compromise fertility Store at 13C (~55F) with open tray of water for humidity. 4C (maybe bc water freezes?)

Question 34

What is in order Galliformes?

Answer 34

chicken, turkeys, quail

Question 35

What is in order Anseriformes?

Answer 35

ducks, geese, swans

Question 36

What is in order Columbiformes?

Answer 36

Pigeons, doves

Question 37

What is in order Psittaformes?

Answer 37

Parrots

Question 38

What is in order Passiformes?

Answer 38

crows, sparrows, finches

Question 39

What is the optimum temperature for egg production?

Answer 39

50-70C

Question 40

Ddx for air sacculitis?

Answer 40

Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, E. coli, Hemophilus

Question 41

You note increase mortality in chickens ranging from 14-16wks old. Wet gangrenous lesion can be seen in the skin of the wings and legs. What are the most likely primary and secondary agents involved respectively?

Answer 41

Infectious Bursal disease (Birnaviridae; causes immunosuppression); S. aureus & C. septicum (cause of malignant edema in ruminants)

Question 42

Gallapova meleagridis with Cutaneous Infarction and Vascular Congestion (appears purple)

Answer 42

(Turkey) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 43

What is the most appropriate combination of floor space and environmental temperature to house Japanese quail?

Answer 43

0.25 ft2/animal; 23°C (22-25)

Question 44

How is housing different for quail and zebra finches?

Answer 44

Quail are ground-dwelling - do not need elevated perches like zebra finches

Question 45

What is dubbing in chickens?

Answer 45

Partial removal of comb

Question 46

Where not to inject euthanasia solution in birds?

Answer 46

Air sacs, humerus, and femur - will drown them

Question 47

Which avian species WILL NOT eat in low light or darkness, thus requiring a restriction on these time periods due to welfare concerns?

Answer 47

Gallus domesticus (chicken)

Question 48

What lesion is observed in the chicken eye with Marek's disease (alphaherpesvirus)?

Answer 48

Turns gray; pupil becomes irregularly shaped

Question 49

Use of heat lamp within an enclosure housing chickens (Gallus domesticus) may induce a fatal toxicosis due to severe adverse effects to which body system?

Answer 49

Respiratory (TEFLON aka polytetrafluoroethylene!) See pulmonary hemorrhage

Question 50

According to the Guide what is recommended dry bulb temperature for poultry?

Answer 50

16-27 C 61-81 F (same for farm animals and poultry)

Question 51

Production of polyclonal IgY antibodies in what species is an alternative to polyclonal IgG antibody production in rabbits?

Answer 51

Gallus domesticus (chicken)

Question 52

According to Ag Guide what is recommended temp for hatchlings and piglets?

Answer 52

Piglets: 79-90F Hatchlings: 90-95F

Question 53

Chickens w/ sinusitis and conjunctivitis. Nx shows larynx/trachea inflamed, hemorrhagic, caseous cores. INIB in epithelium. Main ddx?

Answer 53

Infectious laryngotracheitis (gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1)) = alphaherpesvirinae

Question 54

Because they readily engage in reproductive behavior in the laboratory, which bird has served as a valuable model for the study of neuroendocrine control of reproductive and social behaviors?

Answer 54

Japanese quail

Question 55

What type of antibodies are produced in people with hypersensitivity pneumonitis to bird serum or droppings?

Answer 55

IgG It's type III sensitivity! Antibody-antigen complexes

Question 56

What pathogen can be transmitted through ova of Heterakis gallinarum (cecal roundworm) or through earthworms containing Heterakis larva?

Answer 56

Histomonas meleagridis (the protozoan)

Question 57

What infections cause cause cheesy cecal cores?

Answer 57

Pullorum disease (Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biotype Pullorum) Blackhead disease (Histomonas meleagridis) Fowl typhoid (Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biotype Gallinarum)

Question 58

What causes necrotic enteritis in chickens?

Answer 58

intestinal overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens Type A and C in young broilers and sometimes laying hens

Question 59

Nutritional deficiency in ___ or ___ causes limb deformities.

Answer 59

Deficiency of manganese or choline

Question 60

What endotracheal tube is used in birds?

Answer 60

Cole tube

Question 61

What infection causes Yellow or white caseous lesions in the mouth, throat, or crop?

Answer 61

Trichomonas

Question 62

How to treat Cochlosoma (protozoa) in zebra finches?

Answer 62

Ronidazole

Question 63

If treating C. bovis in NSG mice, what is antibiotic of choice?

Answer 63

Clavamox x 14 days

Question 64

What is the male-to-female ratio for achieving optimal fertility in battery cage-housed Coturnix japonica?

Answer 64

***1 male to 3 females***

Question 65

According to the AVMA Guidelines for Euthanasia of Animals (2020 edition), which of the following species shows little or no aversion to inert gases?

Answer 65

Turkeys