Chemicals

Question 1

Which chemical induces coughing to test antitussives in guinea pigs?

Answer 1

Acrolein
Also: ammonia, sulfur dioxide, citric acid

Question 2

“two hit” method to induce sepsis and DIC in rabbits (Schwartzman reaction)

Answer 2

ACTH/Corticosterone + LPS

= stress hormone + endotoxin

Question 3

Which two chemicals are toxic to pancreatic beta cells –> Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)?

Answer 3

Alloxan, Streptozotocin

Question 4

Which chemical causes glaucoma in rabbits when administered by intraocular injection?

Answer 4

Alpha-chymotrypsin

Question 5

Which chemical is a mutagen for hepatocellular carcinomas?

Answer 5

Aflatoxin, nitric oxide (NO)

Question 6

Which chemical is ototoxic and induces hearing loss in guinea pigs when infused into perilymph via cochlear window?

Answer 6

Aminoglycosides

Question 7

Which chemical induces colorectal cancer?

Answer 7

Azoxymethane

Question 8

Which chemical induces granulomatous pneumoniae (aerosol exposure) and osteosarcoma (injection into joint)?

Answer 8

Beryllium salts

Question 9

Which chemical induces pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in mice?

Answer 9

Caerulein (acts as secretagogue inducing secretion); also N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (NMU)

Question 10

Which two chemicals induce amyloidosis in hamsters?

Answer 10

Casein, LPS

Question 11

Which chemical induces liver cancer in rats?

Answer 11

Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) aka thymoquinone

Question 12

Which chemical induces respiratory tumors in European hamster?

Answer 12

N-Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)

Question 13

Which carcinogen is used for:
* Keratoacanthomas (KA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of rabbit pinna
* Ovarian tumors in mice
* Cheek pouch tumors (oral carcinogenesis) in hamsters

Answer 13

7,12-Dimethylbenzaanthracene (DMBA)

Question 14

Which three chemicals induce colitis in mice, IBD in rabbits, and ulcerative colitis in guinea pigs?

Answer 14

1. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) - mice
2. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) - rabbits and guinea pigs
3. Carrageenan extract from red seaweed - guinea pigs

Question 15

Which chemical increases colonic adenocarcinoma in mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium?

Answer 15

1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH)

Question 16

Which chemical induces cardiotoxicity and heart failure in rats?

Answer 16

Doxorubicin

Question 17

Which two chemicals induce point mutations in zebrafish and mice?

Answer 17

1. N-Ethylnitrosourea or N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU)
2. Ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS)

Question 18

What is the other name for urethane?

Answer 18

Ethyl carbamate
A carcinogen and anesthetic

Question 19

Estrogen causes ____ in male hamsters and ___ in Armenian hamster

Answer 19

renal tumors
hepatotoxicity

Question 20

In Noble rats, the development of prostatic adenocarcinoma is linked to what hormones?

Answer 20

Estrogen and testosterone

(Can also induce with N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (NMU))

Question 21

Hyper and hypovitaminosis A causes what in rabbits?

Answer 21

Hydrocephalus of kits

Question 22

Which chemical induces hydrocephalus in dogs, sheep, rabbits by subarachnoid injection?

Answer 22

Kaolin

Question 23

What is added to feed as stabilized form of Vitamin C?

Answer 23

L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate

Question 24

What is added to axenic rodent feeds as stabilized form of Vitamin K?

Answer 24

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

Question 25

What chemical family (with 2 examples) causes esophageal carcinoma in rats?

Answer 25

Methyl-alkyl-nitrosamines: 1. Methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBZ) 2. N-nitroso-N-methylbenzylamine (NMBA)

Question 26

What causes lissencephaly in ferrets and used as a model for fetal alcohol syndrome?

Answer 26

Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM)

Question 27

What is Methylcholanthrene?

Answer 27

Induces sarcomas/carcinomas in hamsters and mice

Question 28

What is Methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)?

Answer 28

Gastric adenocarcinoma in rats, hamsters, dogs

Question 29

What is Monocrotaline?

Answer 29

Used to cause ***pulmonary hypertension*** in stump-tailed macaque (M. arctoides) and other species

Question 30

In which species do lesions from 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine resolve?

Answer 30

MPTP --> Parkinson's Lesions resolve in cats

Question 31

What causes nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) in rabbits and Noble rats?

Answer 31

N-Ethylnitrosourea or N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) - administered during gestation this also causes point mutations in zebrafish and mice, and epidermal papilloma in zebrafish

Question 32

What are three uses of N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (NMU)?

Answer 32

Pancreas and prostate! 1. Pancreatic cancer in hamster, mice, rats (also Caerulein (Secretagogue) in mice) 2. Diabetes mellitus in Chinese hamster (they also get T1DM spontaneously) 3. Prostatic adenocarcinoma in mice and rats

Question 33

What chemicals cause Huntington's in NHPs vs mice/rats?

Answer 33

1. 3-nitropropionic acid - NHPs (NPA in NHPs) 2. Quinolinic acid - mice and rats

Question 34

What causes gingival hyperplasia in beagles, cats, rats, GPs when given orally x 90 days?

Answer 34

Oxodipine (O = oral)

Question 35

What chemical is a model for degenerative joint disease in dogs?

Answer 35

Papain (P = painful joint)

Question 36

What is Perfluoropropane (C3F8)?

Answer 36

Induces macular cyst in M. fascicularis when injected intraocular

Question 37

What induces acute respiratory distress in rabbits?

Answer 37

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)

Question 38

What is the effect of polytetrafluoroethylene on birds?

Answer 38

Teflon toxicosis Causes pulmonary hemorrhage when coated lights are used for hatching Gallus domesticus

Question 39

What two chemicals induce rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rats?

Answer 39

1. Pristane 2. Type II collagen (Dark Agouti, Lewis rat)

Question 40

What drug reverses heparin?

Answer 40

Protamine

Question 41

What three chemicals induce Parkinson's disease?

Answer 41

1. MPTP 2. Rotenone 3. 6-hydroxydopamine

Question 42

What compound is used to chlorinate water?

Answer 42

Sodium hypchlorite (bleach)

Question 43

What is Terephthalic acid?

Answer 43

Calcium oxalate urolithiasis in rats

Question 44

What is active ingredient in Nair for hair removal?

Answer 44

Thioglycolate

Question 45

What is 2,5-dihydro-2,4,5trimethylthiazoline (TMT)?

Answer 45

In fox urine --> fear responses in mice

Question 46

Name 4 chemicals that are vasodilators

Answer 46

* Xylene (irritant) * d-Limonene (comes from citrus) * Oil of wintergreen (irritant; can use on rabbit ears) * 2% nitroglycerine

Question 47

What is induced by 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) in cynos/mice or 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene (VCD) in mice and rats?

Answer 47

Menopause Induces regression of primordial and primary ovarian follicles