Rats Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Gestation of mice vs rats
A
Mice: 19-21 days
Rats: 21-23 days
2
Q
Which synthetic Vit K is in rodent diets?
A
K3 (menadione)
The naturally occurring forms of vitamin K are phylloquinone (K1), isolated from plants, and menaquinones (K2), synthesized by bacteria
3
Q
Of Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus which one has tail longer than its body and larger ears?
A
Rattus rattus
4
Q
Which common rats are outbred and inbred?
A
Outbred: Sprague Dawley, Wistar, Lewis
Inbred: Fischer 344 (all three are albino)
Size: SD > Wistar > F344
5
Q
Hair growth cycle in mice vs rats
A
Rats: anagen ~17d, telogen ~17d.
Mice: anagen ~14–17d, telogen ~10–20d
6
Q
How many teats do mice and rats have?
A
Mice: 5 pairs
Rats: 6 pairs (3 abdominal, 3 pectoral)
7
Q
What is the name of the lateral nasal gland in mice and rats?
A
Steno’s Gland
8
Q
What is name of sebaceous gland at base of ear in rodents?
A
Zymbal’s gland
9
Q
What is special about esophagus of herbivores who eat roughage including rodents?
A
Keratinized
10
Q
Which kHz of ultrasonic vocalization is positive vs negative affect in rats?
A
22 kHz = negative
50 kHz = positive
11
Q
Of mice and rats, which has prominent BALT?
A
Rats
12
Q
Like other species, pulmonary veins surrounded by cardiac muscle that is contiguous with heart, but in mice and rats this extends to _____.
A
intrapulmonary region
13
Q
In mice and rats bronchoconstriction is controlled by ____ innervation.
A
Vagal (no adrenergic nerves to bronchial musculature)
vs other species B2 receptors
14
Q
In mice and rats the SA node is in the ____
A
anterior vena cava
(rather than right atrium)
15
Q
Which repro effects do rats exhibit?
A
Demonstrate Lee Boot (isolated females decrease cyclicity), but NOT Whitten (synchronization) or Bruce (pregnancy block by weird male)
16
Q
When does vaginal plate open in female rat (doe)?
A
40-80 days
17
Q
When during the light cycle is estrus and when during estrus is ovulation in mice vs rats?
A
10 pm - 1 am in mouse
12 am - 2 am in rat
Ovulation 8-11 hr after estrus in rat, 2-3 h in mice
18
Q
How many days post fertilization is implantation of blastocyst in mice and rat?
A
Mouse: 4-5 days
Rat: 5-7 days
19
Q
Estrous cycle timing of mice and rats
A
4-5 days
1 day in each stage: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus
20
Q
To test for estrus in rats, what is name of test involving observing lordosis when pelvic area stimulated?
A
Blandau test
21
Q
To test for estrus in rats, what is term for inserting electrical probe into vagina to detect changes in fluids/cytology
A
Impedance
22
Q
How does superovulation differ in mice vs rats?
A
Mice: PMSG 5 IU → 48 hours → hCG 5 IU → mate or collect oocytes after ~13–14 hours
Rats: PMSG 30-40 IU → 48–56 hours → hCG 30-40 IU → collect oocytes 10–14 hours
23
Q
How do continuous light and chronic exposure to low-intensity light in dark cycle affect female repro in rats?
A
Consistent light –> persistent estrus + cystic ovarian follicles with NO CL
Chronic exposure to low-intensity light in dark cycle –> early vaginal opening + ovarian atrophy
24
Q
What is the term for nest-bound, altricial young rats
A
nidicolus = nest-bound
25
Both mice and rats lack foramen of ___, which connects the 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space
Magendie (instead CSF flows through apertures in 4th ventricle but not a distinct foramen)
26
diploid chromosomes Rattus norvegicus vs Rattus rattus
R. norvegicus = 42 (vs mice 40)
R. rattus = 38
27
Which rat is prone to congenital urogenital abnormalities and prostatic adenocarcinoma? What is coat color of the rat? What are components of the urogenital abnormalities?
ACI
Agouti with white belly and feet
1. Hydronephrosis and associated renal agenesis
2. Absent, hypoplastic or cystic kidneys
3. Poor repro
28
Which rat is prone to juvenile T1DM? What is coat color? What else is this rat used to study?
BB rat (BioBreeding)
BBDP=diabetes prone
BBDR=resistant (control)
Albino
Rheumatoid Arthritis (type II collagen)
29
What is Brown Norway rat a model of?
1) inducible, transplantable myeloid leukemia
2) hydronephrosis (polygenic)
3) allergy/asthma (eosinophilic granulomatous pulmonary inflammation)
4) bladder carcinoma (males)
30
Which rat is a model for spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's)? Which mouse and dog exhibit this condition? What compound can be administered to rats to hasten?
Buffalo rat
CBA mouse
Beagles
3-methylcholanthrene (MC)
31
Which rats are susceptible to prostatic adenocarcinoma?
ACI, COP (Copenhagen), NBL (Noble rat; black hooded), LW (Lobund Wistar)
32
Which rat is commonly used in National Toxicology Program's Carcinogen Bioassay Program and the National Institute on Aging?
Fischer 344
33
Which rats are models for multiple sclerosis (Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE) using ___ and ___? What else are they used for?
1. Lewis
2. Dark Agouti (DA)
Myelin basic protein and CFA
Rheumatoid arthritis
34
Which rat is a model for myeloma and IgG production?
LOU/C rat
35
Which rat is a model of mononuclear cell leukemia?
WF (Wistar-Furth)
36
Which rat is a model of hypertension?
SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat)
Albino
37
Which rat is a model of obesity?
Zucker rat
38
Which rat is a model of diabetes insipidus? What are the genetics?
Brattleboro (autosomal recessive)
Brown hooded
39
What rat exhibits jaundice and kernicterus (brain damage from high bilirubin)? What are the genetics? What is the syndrome in humans and mutation is in what gene?
Gunn rat (autosomal recessive)
Crigler-Najjar syndrome in infants
Lacks the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT)
40
Which rat exhibits Type 4 hyperlipoproteinemia (aka familial hypertriglyceridemia)? What are the genetics?
Obese SHR (autosomal recessive) = SHROB
Model of metabolic syndrome (X syndrome)
41
Which rat strains are susceptible and resistant to estrogen-induced mammary carcinoma?
Susceptible: ACI
Resistant: COP
42
Which rat strains are susceptible to hydronephrosis and what are the genetics?
ACI, Brown Norway (polygenic)
Gunn (single gene)
43
Which rat exhibits microcytic, hypochromic anemia due to an abnormality in iron metabolism? This is due to a mutation in what gene?
Belgrade rat
Nramp2
44
Which rat serves as a host for transplantable Morris hepatoma?
Buffalo rat (also Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
45
What is appearance of Copenhagen (COP) rat and what are they models for?
White with brown hood
Prostatic adenocarcinoma, resistant to mammary-induced carcinoma
46
What are F-344 rats predisposed to?
1. Neoplasia = MIL
- Mesothelioma - more common in males
- Interstitial cell tumor/adenoma (Leydig)
- Large granular lymphocytic leukemia - starts in spleen, major cause of death
2. Corneal mineralization - up to 100%
3. Chronic Progressive Nephropathy - more common in males
4. Nephrocalcinosis - more common in females
47
What is background for SHR rat and therefore a normotensive control?
WKY (Wistar Kyoto Rat) - but controversial
48
The ___ rat is a model of obesity and has a recessive mutation in the ____, which is similar to the ___ mouse.
Zucker (fa/fa). Come in many diff colors including brown or black & white.
Leptin receptor like db/db mouse (ob/ob has mutation in leptin)
49
Nude mutation is on Chr ___ in mice and ___ in rats
11
10
50
Which rat exhibits hypertension and bleeding disorder due to platelet storage pool deficiency? Which mouse strain has platelet storage pool deficiency?
Fawn Hooded Hypertensive (FHH)
Beige
51
Which rat is a model of hepatitis/Wilson's disease (Copper accumulation)/HCC?
Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC)
52
Which rat is a model of retinal degeneration?
RCS (Royal College of Surgeons)
53
Which rat develops hypertension which is exacerbated by salt?
Dahl Hypertensive-Sensitive (SS/Jr)
Control=SR/Jr
54
Which rat develops significant obesity with normal leptin levels (others are leptin deficient) and is hypertensive when obese?
DIO
(Dietary-Induced Obesity Prone)
55
Which rat model of diet-induced obesity exhibits insulin resistance and decreased leptin receptor expression?
Osborne-Mendel
56
Which rat carries fa/fa mutation for leptin receptor and exhibits both obesity and T2DM?
ZDF (Zucker Diabetic Fatty)
57
Which rat exhibits spontaneous, non-obese, non-hypertensive T2DM due to 1) beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, or 2) beta cell deficiency?
1) Cohen Diabetic
2) GK
58
2 rats that are models of T1DM and how they differ?
BB rat - onset is 2-3 months
OLETF rat - onset is around 4 months
Like db/db mouse
59
Which rat develops hypertension with impaired baroreceptors, is salt sensitive, and prefers saline over water?
SBH (Sabra Hypertension-Prone)
60
Which rats are models of 1) absence epilepsy (petit mal) and 2) epilepsy from sound stimulus?
1) WAG/Rij
(Wistar Albino Glaxo)
GAERS
(Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg)
2) GEPR
(Genetically Epilepsy-Prone)
61
Which rat is a model of T2DM, obesity, and CHF?
SHHF
(Spontaneous Hypertensive Heart Failure)
62
Which rats develop dental caries?
Hunts Caries Susceptible (CAS) & Caries Susceptible Resistant (CAR)
63
Which rat is a model of Dubin-Johnson and Rotor's syndromes (congenital hyperbilirubinemia) due to impaired secretion
Eisai Hyperbilirubinuria Rat (EHBR)
Also Corriedale sheep
64
What are Sprague Dawley rats prone to?
1. Neoplasia = MPPP
- Mammary gland fibroadenoma - 50% in aged females
- Pituitary adenoma
- Pheochromocytoma - more common in males
- Pancreatic islet cell tumor
2. Cardiomyopathy - papillary muscles, interventricular septum
3. Chronic Progressive Nephropathy - more common in males
4. Polyerarteritis nodosa
65
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) ligation to sciatic nerve model of pain is called
Bennett Pain Model
66
Surgical ovariectomy or administration of ____ are models of menopause in rodents.
4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)
67
Rat models of T1DM
BB
Long Evans Tokushima Lean (LETL)
LEW.1AR1-lddm
OLETF
68
Rat models of T2DM
GK
ZDF
BHE/cbd
Cohen Diabetic
SHHF
WF
69
Which rats are prone to audiogenic seizures?
Sprague Dawley, Wistar
70
Where to take cultures for suspect pseudotuberculosis in rats
Corynebacterium kutscheri
Submaxillary salivary gland or naso- or oropharyngeal
71
Tyzzer's disease is seen in what age rats and what three lesions are classic?
Recently weaned rats
Tyzzer’s Triad:
Megaloileitis (big gut)
Myocardial necrosis
Coagulative necrosis of liver (hallmark lesion)
72
Which bacteria looks like intracellular pick-up sticks?
Tyzzer's
73
What two species cause rat bite fever?
1. Streptobacillus monoliformis (Haverill Fever) ***arthritis, can isolate in vitro***
2. Spirillum minus (Sudoku)
74
What is primary cause of large bowel proliferative/ulcerative typhlocolitis, proctitis in immunodeficient rats e.g. athymic nudes?
H. bilis
75
What is route of transmission of CAR bacillus in rats? What special stain to use?
Causes pulmonary lesions but spread via direct contact not aerosol --> Not picked up well by dirty bedding sentinels
Silver stains: Steiner, Warthin-Starry, Methenamine
76
Routes of transmission for Mycoplasma pulmonis in rats
Horizontal: aerosol, direct contact
Vertical: in utero
77
Vitamin ___ and ___ deficiency may exacerbate disease from Mycoplasma pulmonis (in additional to viral, environmental factors)
A, E
78
Mycoplasma is more severe in ___ rats and less in ___ rats.
More severe LEW rats > F344
79
What transmits Mycoplasma coccidioides (mice) and hemomuris (rats)?
Mouse louse (Polyplax serrata)
Spiny rat louse (Polyplax spinulosa)
80
Name 4 parvoviruses that affect rats
(1) Toolan's H-1
(2) Rat Parvovirus (RPV)
(3) Rat Minute Virus (RMV)
(4) Kilham Rat Virus (RV)
81
Clinical signs of parvo in rats
1. "balls and brains" - Hemorrhage in brain, testes, epididymis
2. Decreased litter size, runted litters, fetal/neonatal death (affects preweanling rats)
3. Cerebellar hypoplasia
82
Infection with ___ in diabetes resistant BioBreeding rat (BB rat) increases expression of macrophage cytokines leading to autoimmune diabetes
rat parvovirus
83
What orthopoxvirus causes clinical signs in rats similar to ectromelia in mice?
Cowpox
84
Which respiratory viral infections are asymptomatic and self limiting disease in rats (unlike mice)?
Sendai Virus - if lesions, Brown Norway and LEW rats > F-344
PVM (Pneumonia Virus of Mice) - no CS
85
2 prototypes of coronavirus in rats. Is there cross-protection?
1. Parker's rat Coronavirus (RCV-P)
2. Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (RCV-SDA)
No cross-protection
High morbidity, low mortality
86
Top ddx cervical swelling; inflammation and edema of submaxillary salivary glands, porphyrin staining, ocular discharge, photophobia, corneal opacities & ulcers in rats
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (corona)
Serous glands affected: sublingual gland spared, targets serous glands (submaxillary, parotid)
87
Which viral infection of rats is closely related to TMEV in mice?
Rat Theilovirus (RTV) - Picornaviridae, Cardiovirus genus
Limited to GI with no clinical signs EXCEPT Nude rats = persistent fecal shedding + extraintestinal
88
Diarrhea in rats with small intestinal villous atrophy and ***syncytia*** = pathognomonic for what infection?
IDIR, “infectious diarrhea of infant rats”
Group B Rotavirus (Group A in mice) in family Reoviridae
89
What is "Rat Respiratory Virus"?
Pneumocystis carinii
90
The antibiotic ___ appears to be carcinogenic in mice and rats.
Metronidazole
For flagellates use dimetridazole
91
Which age group is most susceptible to Spironucleus muris infection?
Young rodents < 6 weeks old
92
Does Giardia cause disease in rats?
NO, mice only
93
What is the rat pinworm?
Syphacia muris
Life cycle 11-15 days, eggs infectious within 6 hours (same as Syphacia obvelata)
Unlike S. obvelata, S. muris has round esophageal bulb in adult, eggs are smaller, more symmetrical, less flat on one side
Usually asymptomatic but heavy loads can cause CS
94
What is bladder thread worm that is only found in rats?
Trichosomoides crassicauda
Female worms in bladder, males in vagina/uterus
Life cycle 8-9 weeks
Examine bladder wall w/ acradine orange stain (worms orange/red, bladder green)
95
The bladder thread worm causes proliferative lesions identical to ____.
(Trichosomoides crassicauda)
N-methylnitrosourea (NMU)
96
How long is direct life cycle of Hymenolepsis nana?
14-16 days
can autoinfect!
97
What are three intermediate hosts for Indirect lifecycle for R. nana and H. diminuta?
1. Grain beetles (Tenebrio molitor and T. obscurus)
2. Fleas (Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalus canis, Xenopsylla cheopis)
3. Cockroaches
98
What is the most common fur mite in rats?
Radfordia ensifera
99
What are the two blood-sucking mites in rats?
Ornithonyssus bacoti (tropical rat mite) and Laelaps echidnina (spiny rat mite)
100
What is seen histologically with Pneumocystis carinii in rats?
Histo: alveolar septa thickened, multinucleated giant cells, perivascular lymphocyte cuffing (= hallmark)
101
What three stains can be used for E. cuniculi?
G3 = giemsa, MacCallum-Goodpasture, gram + (does not stain well with H&E)
102
__ cells fight E. cuniculi thus ___ rats susceptible to fatal infection
T cells
nude
103
Sendai Virus predisposed rats to chronic rhinitis associated with ____ from ___.
Aspergillus fumigatus from contaminated bedding --> recommend using autoclaved or gamma-irradiated corncob bedding
104
Which rats are susceptible to polyarteritis nodosa?
Sprague Dawley
SHR
105
Vitamin E deficiency in rodents associated with ____ and ____.
Hypovitaminosis E –-> embryonic death and testicular degeneration
106
Lower end of hearing range for mice vs rats
Mice: 1 kHz
Rats: 0.25 kHz
107
UD in rats is associated with ___ infection.
Staph aureus
108
Adynamic ileus = associated with IP ____.
Chloral hydrate
Can look similar to Tyzzer's
109
Constant light for as little as 3 days can cause ___ in rats
Cystic ovaries/endometrial hypertrophy, hyperestrogenism
110
Gross appearance of mammary fibroadenoma in rats
Prominent lobulations
111
Which rats are prone to pituitary adenomas?
Sprague Dawley, Wistar
Associated with increased food intake (caloric restriction reduces incidence, aging)
Causes increased prolactin
Often appear hemorrhagic
112
Leukemia in mice vs rats
Mice - usually associated with retrovirus
Rats - F-344 (large granular lymphocytic leukemia)
113
Beige/white plaques throughout abdomen in rat
Mesotheliomas
Primarily males
F344 rats
114
Which rat develops cardiac septal defects leading to right ventricular hypertrophy?
Wistar-Kyoto inbred rats
115
Age-related diseases in rats
Pneumonic = MR. CAPN
M = Myocardial degeneration
R = Radiculoneuropathy = degeneration of spinal roots
C = Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN)
A = Alveolar histocytosis
P = Polyarteritis nodosa
N = Nephrocalcinosis
116
6 predisposing factors to CPN in rats
1. Age >1 year
2. Males > females
3. Strain = SD and F344 (Wistar + LE (Long-Evans) = low)
4. Ad lib diet with increased protein
5. IgM (deposits)
6.Increased prolactin
117
How does diet affect nephrocalcinosis?
high calcium, high phosphorus, low calcium/phosphorus ratio, low magnesium
118
Which rat is prone to hair loss especially on dorsum?
Brown Norway
119
Aged rat with white to tan foci on pleural surface
Alveolar Histiocytosis
120
How to prevent cataracts in albino rats?
Decrease light level (associated with retinal degeneration)
121
Clinical significance of Entamoeba muris in rodents
a commensal in rats, mice, hamsters
122
How to diagnose pinworms in rats?
neither cecal examination nor tape test alone can reliably predict infection with Syphacia muris - use multiple techniques
