Dogs and cats

Question 1

Uses of cat in research

Answer 1

used for locomotion, spinal trauma, retrovirus and zoonotic dz

Question 2

What 3 retroviruses are cats susceptible to?

Answer 2

FIV – feline immunodeficiency virus (Lentivirus)

FeLV - feline leukemia virus (Gammaretrovirus)

FFV – feline foamy virus (Spumavirus)

Question 3

What types of Helicobacter do cats have?

Answer 3

H. felis

Also can be infected by H. pylori

Question 4

Why are cats used for spinal cord injury?

Answer 4

Spinal cord same length as humans

Small size

Question 5

To study obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), cats are trained to sleep in hammock in 1 of 4 positions wearing CPAP machine. Name the positions and which is obstructive?

Answer 5

Supine neck extended, supine neck flexed (= OSA), prone neck extended, prone neck flexed

Question 6

Chediak Hegashi syndrome in cats vs mice

Answer 6

Cats: Blue Persian, recessive, albinism, Cu-coloured eyes

Mice: Beige (Lyst mutation, chrom 13)

Question 7

Which species get Waardenburg syndrome and what is it associated with?

Answer 7

autosomal dominant, white fur, blue eyes, deaf

Cat, mice, ferrets, dog

Question 8

Name centers for feline inherited dz?

Answer 8

Center for comparative medical genetics (CCMG) - MPS, porphyria, hypothyroidism

Cat phenotype and health information registry (CAT PHIR)

National Cancer Institute Laboratory of Genomic Diversity - spinal muscular atrophy, PCKD

Question 9

Cat space requirements. Are Guide and AWA the same?

Answer 9

Up to 4 kg 3 ft2; over 4 kg 4 ft2; height 24”
12 adults per room
If space for each kitten is <5% of minimum requirement for queen, must be approved by AV (research) or APHIS (dealers/exhibitors)

In Guide, litter pan not considered floor space

Question 10

Why should cat litter boxes be cleaned daily?

Answer 10

Toxoplasma gondii requires 1-5 days to sporulate and become infective

Question 11

How long to quarantine new cats that are 1) purpose-bred, 2) SPF, 3) random source

Answer 11

6 wk: time it takes to seroconvert to FIV and Ag(+) to FeLV

SPF cats 1wk for shipping related dz

Random source: 8-12 weeks to ID dz, elim parasites, vaxx

Question 12

Recommended breeding ratio for cats

Answer 12

1:4-6 breeding ratio (harem)

Question 13

What photoperiod for cat breeding and what is the timing? How to enhance breeding performance?

Answer 13

Cycle w/in 7-10 wk of 14:10h light cycle🡪 can shorten by priming with <8 hrs light or adding tom/estral queen at start of 14:10h

Provide period of short days <8h/d for 4-6wk ensures anestrus and regaining of body condition/enhances reproductive performance

Question 14

How long after lactation & weaning do queens return to heat? What happens if they go into heat while pregnant?

Answer 14

2-8 weeks (~4 weeks)

Superfetation (kittens born at different developmental stages)

Question 15

Gestation of Felis catus and Canis lupus familiaris

Answer 15

Dog: 59-63 days

Cat: 65-66 days

Question 16

What blood type cats cannot be bred?

Answer 16

Do not breed blood type A toms to B queens b/c neonatal isoerythrolysis
= Queen B

Type B cats have a high antibody titer (isoagglutinin) against type A blood, which can result in severe transfusion reactions and fatal neonatal isoerythrolysis (if type A kittens are born to type B dams).

Question 17

Dietary requirements for cats

Answer 17

Obligate carnivore

also require taurine, arginine, arachidonic acid, Vit A, D, B3 (niacin), B1 (thiamin), B9 (folic acid for metaphase) which they normally get in their prey

Question 18

How long is GIT compared to body length in cats vs dogs?

Answer 18

Cat GIT 4.2x body length vs 6x in dogs (cats have faster GI transit)

Question 19

What does low taurine and absent taurine diet cause in cat?

Answer 19

Low taurine –> DCM within 3 years

Absent taurine –> retinal degeneration within 3 months

Question 20

How to calculate energy requirements for cat

Answer 20

100 kcal/(kg body weight)^0.67

Question 21

Etiology of feline URT

Answer 21

Primary agents:
1) Feline herpesvirus-1, feline viral rhinotracheitis (FHV-1): subfamily Alphaherpesvirus
2) Feline calicivirus (FCV)

Other agents Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma felis, reovirus and Bordetella

Question 22

Of the two main primary causes of URT in cats, which one persists in the environment and for how long?

Answer 22

FHV-1 (enveloped DNA) - susceptible to most disinfectants

FCV (non-enveloped RNA) - highly resistant, lasts up to 2 wks

Question 23

How to prevent feline parvovirus?

Answer 23

Panleukopenia

Vaccinate - kittens at risk as early as 6 wks, and repeat q3-4 wks until 16-20 wks

Question 24

What age cats are most susceptible to FIP and what is pathogenesis?

Answer 24

Kittens (increased FECV levels, decreased resistance to mutation)

FECV spike protein mutates –> tropism for macrophages in FIPV w/ systemic spread

FECV and FIPV immunity are not cross-protective

Question 25

Which form of FIP is more common and what is a major clinical sign?

Answer 25

Wet form (effusive) more common than dry form (non-effusive); presents with painless abdominal distention Dry form - diffuse granulomatous

Question 26

Most common route of transmission for roundworms and hookworms in cats

Answer 26

Transmammary Ascarids/roundworms (Toxocara cati, Toxocaris leonina); Hookworms (Ancylostoma, Uncinaria)

Question 27

What type of zoonoses are caused by roundworms and hookworms from cats?

Answer 27

Hookworms = cutaneous larval migrans Ascarids = visceral larval migrans

Question 28

Main allergen for cats

Answer 28

Fel d1 hair, saliva, dander (same as Can f1

Question 29

Acceptable euthanasia methods for companion animals

Answer 29

1. Barbiturates and barbiturate acid derivatives (BADs) - IV and IP 2. Nonbarbiturate anesthetic overdose 3. Tributame IV (extralabel in cats) 4. T-61 slowly IV (off market)

Question 30

Acceptable with conditions in companion animals

Answer 30

1. Barbiturates and BADs - IO, IC, intrahepatic, intrasplenic, intrarenal 2. Inhaled anesthetics <7 kg; CO and CO2 3. Gunshot (sedate cats prior) 4. Penetrating captive bolt

Question 31

Adjunctive methods in companion animals

Answer 31

1. Potassium chloride (IV, IC) 2. N2 or Ar (<2% O2) 3. Electrocution (dogs)

Question 32

Unacceptable euthanasia methods for companion animals

Answer 32

1. SC, IM, intrapulmonary and intrathecal routes for injectable euthanasia agents 2. Household chemicals, disinfectants, cleaning agents, and pesticides 3. Hypothermia, drowning

Question 33

Why do cats have higher taurine requirements?

Answer 33

Most animals can synthesize taurine from methionine and cysteine, but cats have significantly decreased amounts of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), which is the limiting enzyme in the taurine biosynthesis pathway.

Question 34

Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?

Answer 34

Cats can not convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid

Question 35

Most important factor in FLUTD?

Answer 35

pH (struvite crystals form when pH >6.5)

Question 36

5 phases of feline estrus cycle

Answer 36

Proestrus, Estrus, Interestrus (period btwn estrus cycles if not bred), Diestrus (if bred), Anestrus

Question 37

What is the only pregnancy-specific hormone in cats and where is it produced?

Answer 37

Relaxin produced by placenta

Question 38

Which species has the highest incidence of naturally occurring lymphoid malignancies of non-rodent mammal?

Answer 38

Cat

Question 39

Which type of cat gets glycogen storage diseases?

Answer 39

Norwegian forest cat

Question 40

Which type of cat gets Niemann Pick syndrome

Answer 40

Siamese deficiency of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM)

Question 41

Which cat gets spina bifida?

Answer 41

Manx cat (has mutation that shortens the tail; may be too short)

Question 42

Which cat gets PCKD? What do they also get?

Answer 42

Persian (also Chediak-Higashi) progressive retinal atrophy

Question 43

Which cat gets Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

Answer 43

XXY male tortoiseshell cat

Question 44

Which retrovirus is the least pathogenic in cats and may be used for gene therapy?

Answer 44

Feline foamy virus (FFV)

Question 45

What percent of non-rodent research is cats?

Answer 45

2%

Question 46

How to detect FeLV?

Answer 46

Serology or ELISA assay for FeLV protein, p27 gag

Question 47

____ is a retrovirus similar to Woolly Monkey Sarcoma Virus and Gibon ape leukemia virus in primates as they are both ____________ (type of retrovirus). Feline foamy virus is similar to Simian Foamy virus as they both belong to _________.

Answer 47

FeLV; Gammaretrovirus Spumavirus

Question 48

What segment of the spinal cord are lesions typically made in a cat for a spinal cord injury model?

Answer 48

T13

Question 49

Which cat gets hypotrichinosis?

Answer 49

Cornish Rex

Question 50

Which cat breed gets retinal degeneration?

Answer 50

Abyssinians cats with rdAC mutations Persian cats

Question 51

What is the most common cause of otitis externa in cats?

Answer 51

ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) (vs bacterial in dogs)

Question 52

The most common form of FIP seen in cats is the _________ form, and has a shorter/longer incubation period than the other type. Serology is/is not effective for diagnosis.

Answer 52

effusive/wet SHORTER NOT (cross-reactivity with FECV

Question 53

What is special about MPTP-induced Parkinson's in cats compared to humans?

Answer 53

Cats can recover

Question 54

What is the most common nutritional disease in pet cats in the Western hemisphere? Name comorbidities. Which organ secretes a variety of substances that are active in energy metabolism and appetite control such as steroid hormones, growth factors and various cytokines such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin.

Answer 54

Obesity Diabetes mellitus, hepatic lipidosis, urinary tract disease White adipose tissue

Question 55

When is puberty in queens and tomcats?

Answer 55

Females: 5-9 months Males: 8-13 months

Question 56

What age is peak sexual activity in cats?

Answer 56

1.5 - 7 years

Question 57

When is seasonal anestrus in cats?

Answer 57

usually begins in October and can last through December

Question 58

Adolescent queens usually begin to cycle when they reach ___ kg

Answer 58

2

Question 59

What happens with Vitamin A deficiency in cats?

Answer 59

Leukoencephalomyopathy with progressive hind-limb ataxia/proprioceptive deficits Can be caused by gamma-irradiated diet

Question 60

What is AAFCO?

Answer 60

American Association of Feed Control Officials Ensures diets nutritionally complete, palatable

Question 61

What aspect of Parkinson's are cats used to model?

Answer 61

Sleep disorders

Question 62

How is FIV similar to and different from HIV-related disease in humans?

Answer 62

Similar: viral morphology, biology: cellular viremia 1-2 weeks, persistent within cells, can induce B-cell proliferation or lymphoma Different: viral antigens

Question 63

What age is the most important socialization time period for cats?

Answer 63

3-8 weeks

Question 64

Does FCV vaccine prevent infection?

Answer 64

vax does NOT prevent infection or shedding

Question 65

What is the recommended number of air changes per hour for cat rooms?

Answer 65

10-12

Question 66

Kittens that are reared in cooperative nesting environments leave the nest _____________ (sooner, later) and develop _______________(slower, faster) than kittens raised by a solitary queen.

Answer 66

Sooner; faster

Question 67

Queens can have ____________ number of litters per year, with an average of _____________ kittens per litter.

Answer 67

2-3 3-4

Question 68

Transgenic cats express_____________________ factor and are resistant to ____.

Answer 68

antiviral restriction FIV replication

Question 69

Which pathogen is associated with mucosal ulceration and stomatitis in cats?

Answer 69

Feline calicivirus

Question 70

According to the Animal Welfare Act and its regulations, if the suspended floor of a primary enclosure for cats is constructed of metal strands, the strands must be greater than _________ in diameter?

Answer 70

1/8 inch

Question 71

Pet Protection Act in 1990 established ___ day holding period for animals in pounds and shelters sold to dealers.

Answer 71

5 days

Question 72

Energy calculation for dogs

Answer 72

MER = BW x 0.75 x 550 kJ DE (digestible energy)

Question 73

What are 3 formulas for diets?

Answer 73

1. Open-formula (exact ingredients and their proportions are fully disclosed) 2. Fixed-formula (constant nutrient formula across batches but exact ingredients may change) 3. Closed-formula (only general nutritional composition provided)

Question 74

When is puberty in dogs?

Answer 74

6-14 months depending on breed

Question 75

In proestrus, male dog is ____ female is ____. How to tell when female in estrus?

Answer 75

interested not receptive Flagging tail to the side

Question 76

When to breed dogs?

Answer 76

**Day 1, 3, and 5 of standing heat** Best litter size if bred 2 days after ovulation

Question 77

Pregnancy detection in dogs

Answer 77

Ultrasound 18-22 days Uterine palpation 28-35 days Radiology 45 days

Question 78

Fetal HR below ___ in dogs is sign of distress

Answer 78

180

Question 79

Dogs type of placentation

Answer 79

Hemochorial, zonary, deciduate

Question 80

What is indicator of upcoming whelping in dogs?

Answer 80

Temperature <100F likely to whelp in 18-24 hours

Question 81

Pseudopregnancy in dogs also known as ___

Answer 81

Pseudocyesis

Question 82

Although sexually mature by 6–9 months of age, dogs are not socially mature until ___ months of age

Answer 82

18-36 months

Question 83

Socialization steps: 3-8 weeks = ___ 5-12 weeks = ___ 10-12 weeks = ___

Answer 83

Learn to interact with other dogs Learn to interact with people Voluntarily wander and explore

Question 84

Westie is model of ___.

Answer 84

Globoid cell leukodystrophy

Question 85

Basenji is model of ___ and ___.

Answer 85

Pyruvate kinase deficiency Fanconi syndrome

Question 86

Samoyed model of ___

Answer 86

Hereditary nephritis

Question 87

Bedlington model of ___

Answer 87

Wilson's disease (inherited copper toxicosis)

Question 88

beagles are model of ___

Answer 88

pyruvate kinase deficiency hemophilia a (Factor VIII) primary open angle glaucoma

Question 89

Husky model of ___

Answer 89

Chondrodystrophy (autosomal recessive)

Question 90

Keeshonds model of ___

Answer 90

T1DM

Question 91

What is the special stain for copper?

Answer 91

Rhodanine stain

Question 92

What family are dogs?

Answer 92

Canidae

Question 93

Estrous cycle in dogs

Answer 93

Monoestrous Proestrus --> estrus (>50% anuclear squames) --> diestrus --> anestrus

Question 94

How many motile sperm in 5 mL of semen indicates normal male fertility in dogs?

Answer 94

500 million