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ACLAM Boards Prep > 2020 AVMA Euth Guidelines > Flashcards

2020 AVMA Euth Guidelines Flashcards

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1
Q

American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 8-hour time-weighted exposure limits for N2O, halothane, and enflurane

A

50 ppm
50 ppm
75 ppm

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2
Q

Penetrating captive bolt is acceptable with conditions for what six animals? What normal response can you see?

A

Horses, ruminants, swine, rabbits, dogs & poultry

Leg-paddling (spinal reflex)

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3
Q

Which species shouldn’t be pithed?

A

Ruminants - due to prion concerns (BSE)

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4
Q

Non-penetrating captive bolt cannot be used for….

A

Adult swine
Bulls, cattle with long hair
Horses
Dogs
NHPs

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5
Q

Manual blunt trauma to head unacceptable for neonates of which species?

A

Cattle; skull too thick

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6
Q

How close should gun be to head for euthanasia by gunshot?

A

Not flush; 1-2 feet away

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7
Q

Firearm & ammunition selection must achieve ___ joules for animals <400lb (handgun/rifle) and ____ joules for >400lbs (rifle)

A

407
1356

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8
Q

Cervical dislocation is acceptable with conditions (need to be unconscious/anesthetized) for small birds <___ kg, poultry, mice, rats <___ g, & rabbits <___kg

A

3 (but avian section says <200 g)
200
1

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9
Q

Electrical activity continues in the brain for ___ seconds after cervical dislocation or decapitation

A

13

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10
Q

3 approaches for electrocution (must induce a grand mal epileptic seizure)

A

1) head only - adjunctive within 15 seconds
2) 1-step head to body (head and heart - also induce cardiac arrest)
3) 2-step head to body (head then heart)

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11
Q

Which euthanasia method is preferred by neurobiologists to fix brain metabolites while maintaining anatomic integrity?

A

Focused beam microwave irradiation

Only mice/rats

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12
Q

Which electrolyte is increased by CO2 euthanasia?

A

Potassium (acidosis —> H+ exchanged for K+)

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13
Q

Euthanasia methods for companion animals

A: 4 methods
AC: 6 methods
AJ: 3 methods

A

A:
1. Barbiturates (IV, IP)
2. Anesthetic overdose (ket/xyl or prop)
3. Tributame (dogs)
4. T-61 (off market)

AC:
1. Barbiturates (IO, IC, IHconscious shelter cats elevate forequarters, intrasplenic, intrarenal)
2. *Inhaled anesthetic e.g. isoflurane chamber <7 kg
3. CO >=6%
4. CO2
5. Gunshot (sedate cat)
6. PCB (dog)

AJ:
1. KCl (IV, IC)
2. N2/Ar
3. Electrocution (dog)

F/N: Barbiturate to dam wait 15-20 min; during OVH ligate uterine vessels wait 1 hr; IP barbiturate preferred for preweanling dog/cat

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14
Q

Euthanasia methods for rodents

A: 2 methods
AC: 3 inhaled, 2 non-inhaled, 3 physical
AJ: 5 methods

F/N
A: 2 methods
AC: 5 methods

A

A:
1. Barbiturates (IV, IP) +/- LA/anticonvulsant
2. Dissociative agent combinations (ket + a2 or benzo)

AC:
1. Inhalants - Halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane, with or without nitrous oxide/N2O but not nitrous oxide alone
2. CO2 (30-70% displacement rate/min)
3. CO
4. Tribromoethanol
5. 70-100% EtOH only mice only >35 days old
6. Cervical dislocation mice/rats <200g
7. Decap mice/rats
8. Focused beam microwave irradiation mice/rats

AJ:
1. Bilateral thoracotomy
2. Exsanguination
3. Perfusion w/ fixatives
4. N2 or Ar (<=2% O2)
5. KCl

F/N: precocial treat as adult
A: 1) barbiturate, 2) dissociative combo
AC: 1) prolonged inhalant + secondary method for halogenated, 2) hypothermia <10 days, 3) rapid freezing/liquid N2 <5 days, 4) decap <7 days, 5) cervical dislocation

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15
Q

Euthanasia methods for laboratory farm animals, dogs, cats, ferrets, NHP

A: 2 methods
AJ: 4 methods

A

A: Sedation as needed –>
1. Barbiturate IV
2. Tributame IV (dogs)

AJ: Fully anesthetized –>
1. Bilateral thoracotomy
2. Exsanguination
3. Perfusion
4. KCl (IV, IC)
(Does not mention decapitation here)

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16
Q

Euthanasia methods for rabbits

A: 1 method
AC: 2 inhaled, 3 physical
AJ: 3 methods
1 method for emergency only

A

A: Barbiturates (IV, IP)

AC:
1. Inhaled anesthetics (sedate first)
2. CO2 (50-60% displacement rate; rabbits are fossorial and more tolerant so sedate first)
3. Cervical dislocation <1 kg
4. PCB
5. NPCB (55 psi preweanling 70 for growing 90 for adults)
Do not need adjunctive method for captive bolt in rabbits

AJ:
1. Bilateral thoracotomy
2. Exsanguination
3. KCl

Blunt force trauma in emergency only

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17
Q

What are FDA-approved euthanasia agents for aquatics?

A

Trick question! There are none

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18
Q

MS-222 should not be used alone in zebrafish < ___ days old

A

14 dpf

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19
Q

Acceptable euthanasia methods for finfish

7 immersion methods, 1 injection, 1 physical

A

A:
Immersion (30 min past loss opercular movement): 1) Benzocaine 2) 95% EtOH 3) Iso/sevoflurane 4) Quinaldine sulfate 5) MS-222 6) 2-phenoxyethanol 7) Lidocaine 8) diluted sodium or calcium hypochlorite up to 7 dpf

Injection: 1) Pentobarbital (IV, IC, intracoelomic)

Physical: 1) Rapid chilling @ 2-4C in zebrafish and Australian river gizzard shad N. erebi (adults 10 min past loss opercular movement, fry 4-7 dpf 20 min)

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20
Q

How should MS-222 euthanasia be modified for Carassius auratus?

A

In goldfish and other hypoxia-resistant species use as 2-step:
1st step = immersion
2nd step = physical secondary method (decap, pithing, freezing)

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21
Q

Acceptable with conditions for finfish

2 immersion

1-step
3 physical

2-step
1 immersion
3 injections
3 physical

A

Eugenol/isoeugenol - 10 min after opercular
CO2 - may cause hyperactivity; only CO2 from regulated source e.g. cylinder

1-step
Physical
1. Rapid chilling @ 2-4C in other small-bodied (≤3.8 cm) tropical and subtropical fish
2. Maceration
3. Captive bolt, usually NPCB and for larger finfish

2-step
Immersion
1. MS-222 2-step in hypoxia-resistant finfish

Injection
1. Ketamine (IM) then pentobarb (IC)
2. Ketamine-medetomidine (IM) then pentobarb (IC)
3. Propofol (IV) then pentobarb (IC)

Physical
1. Decapitation/cervical transection followed by pithing
2. Manual blunt force trauma followed by pithing or exsanguination
3. Rapid chilling followed by Na or Ca hypochlorite (500 mg/L) for zebrafish embryos <3 dpf

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22
Q

Adjunctive methods for finfish

4 physical methods
1 chemical method
(Not an exhaustive list)

A
  1. Decapitation
  2. Pithing
  3. Exsanguination
  4. Freezing
  5. Na or Ca hypochlorite (500 mg/L) after rapid chilling for zebrafish embryos <3 dpf
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23
Q

Euthanasia methods for cattle

A: 1 method
AC: 2 methods
AJ: 1 chemical, 3 physical

F/N
A: 1 method
AC: 3 methods

A

A:
1) Barbiturates (IV)

AC:
1) Gunshot
Handgun: distance 1-2 ft, .32-.45 caliber
Rifle: long distance, .22-.308 caliber
2) PCB (NPCB only for calves) followed by AJ method

AJ:
1) KCl or magnesium sulfate rapid IV
2) Second gunshot
3) Exsanguination
4) Pithing

F/N
A: Barbiturate
AC: Gunshot, PCB, NPCB + AJ

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24
Q

Mammalian fetuses are insentient and unconscious until ___% of gestation as neuronal pathways have not developed. They continue to be unconscious until birth due to neuroinhibitors.

A

75-80

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25
Euthanasia methods for sheep and goats A: 1 AC: 4 AJ: 4 F/N A: 1 AC: 4
A: 1. Barbiturate (IV) AC: 1. Gunshot 2. PCB + AJ 3. NPCB (unlike cattle) + AJ 4. CO2 >70% by 5 min (unlike cattle) AJ: 1. KCl and magnesium sulfate 2. Second shot 3. Exsanguination 4. Pithing F/N A: Barbiturate AC: Gunshot, PCB, NPCB, manual blunt force trauma (unlike calves)
26
Euthanasia methods for swine - mature sows, boars, and grower-finisher pigs A: 1 AC: 4 AJ: 2
A: 1. Barbiturates (IV) AC: 1. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and argon (≤70 lb) 2. Gunshot (same gauge as cattle; 3 sites) 3. PCB (only frontal site) + AJ or 2nd captive bolt 4. Electrocution (2-step or 1-step; if head only need AJ within 15 seconds) AJ: 1. Exsanguination 2. Pithing
27
Euthanasia methods for swine - Nursery Pigs (70lb or less) and suckling pigs A: 1 AC: 8
A: 1. Barbiturates AC: 1. CO2 (80-90% x 5 min) +/- N2 or Ar 2. NPCB + AJ 3. Anesthetic overdose 4. Gunshot (nursery pig) 5. CO (nursery pig) 6. PCB + AJ (nursery pig) 7. Manual blunt force trauma (nursery) 8. Electrocution >3 days old
28
Euthanasia methods for equids A: 1 AC: 2 AJ: 3
A: 1. Barbiturates (IV) AC: 1. PCB 2. Gunshot AJ: Anesthetize with ket/xylazine, then 1. KCl (IV, IC) 2. Magnesium sulfate (IV) 3. Lidocaine intrathecal
29
Which species can have PCB vs NPCB
PCB only: horse, adult swine, adult cattle, dog, captive non-marine mammal (e.g. NHP) Both: small ruminants, calves, nursery pigs, poultry, rabbit, large finfish
30
Euthanasia methods for poultry A: 1 AC: 11 AJ: 2
A: 1. Injectable overdose e.g. barbiturates (IV) AC: 1. CO2 (newly pipped eggs or newly hatched may require 80-90%) 2. CO (≥ 6%) - can cause involuntary convulsions 3. N2 or Ar +/- 30% CO2 with ≤2-3% O2 4. Cervical dislocation 5. Decapitation 6. Manual blunt force trauma (turkeys and broiler breeders too large for cerv dis) 7. Electrocution 8. Gunshot (free-ranging poultry and ratites) 9. Reduction of atmospheric pressure (aka LAPS - Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning) 10. PCB 11. NPCB AJ: 1. KCl or magnesium sulfate (IV, IC) 2. Exsanguination
31
Euthanasia for poultry embryonated eggs 6 methods
1. CO2 (20 min) 2. Inhaled anesthetics through air cell 3. Addling Before 80% incubation 4. Cooling (4 hours at 40F) 5. Freezing Before 72 hours old 6. Maceration
32
Euthanasia methods for avians (e.g. research) A: 1 AC: 7 AJ: 3
A 1. Barbiturates and BADs (IV preferred or intracoelomic; intracardiac or IO if unconscious) AC 1. Inhaled anesthetics - need high [] 2. CO2 (80-90% for pips) 3. CO 4. N2 or Ar (birds lack chemoceptors; not aversive) 5. Cervical dislocation (<200g, last resort) 6. ***Decapitation (<200g)*** 7. Gunshot (only if cannot restrain) AJ 1. KCl (IV or IC in unconscious) 2. Exsanguination (unconscious) 3. Thoracic compression (insentient)
33
Euthanasia of avian eggs < and > 80% incubation
<80% 1. CO2 > 20 min 2. Cooling (4h at 4C) 3. Freezing >80% 1. CO2 > 20 min 2. Decapitation 3. Anesthetic overdose
34
For avians, which bones are pneumatic and should not be injected with euthanasia agents or sedatives?
Humerus and femur (drowning) Also care in general not to inject into air sacs
35
Euthanasia methods for aquatic invertebrates 1st step: 3 2nd step: 5
**2-step recommended** Acceptable 1st step: Immersion in 1. Magnesium salts 2. Clove oil or eugenol 3. Ethanol (1-5%, up to 10%) Acceptable 2nd step: Immersion in 1. 70% alcohol 2. 10% NBF 3. Pithing 4. Freezing 5. Boiling
36
Euthanasia methods for captive invertebrates A: 1 AC: 2 AJ: 5
A: 1. Pentobarbital or similar (hemolymph preferred, intracoelomic) AC: 1. Inhaled anesthetics (for terrestrial) 2. CO2 (but additional info needed to confirm effficacy) AJ (same as 2nd step for aquatic invertebrates) 1. Alcohol 2. Formalin 3. Pithing 4. Freezing 5. Boiling
37
Euthanasia methods for captive amphibians and reptiles A: 4 AC: 6 AJ: 2
A: 1. Pentobarbital (IV preferred; intracoelomic, SQ lymph spaces, lymph sacs) 2. Poikilotherms: dissociatives (ketamine or telazol), inhalants, IV anesthetics (propofol, short-acting barbiturates) 3. Buffered MS-222 water bath (amphibian), lymph sac injection (amphibian), intracoelomic (amphibian and reptile ***EXCEPT DOES NOT WORK WELL IN XENOPUS LAEVIS***) 4. Benzocaine hydrochloride (water bath, topical to ventrum 7.5 or 20% gel ***NOT PURE BENZOCAINE***) in amphibians AC: 1. Inhaled anesthetics 2. CO2 3. PCB, firearm (crocodilian/large reptile) 4. Blunt force trauma 5. Rapid freezing (<4 g) 6. Spinal cord severance + destroy brain tissue (5-15 kg alligators) AJ: 1. Decapitation (3-step: anesthetic --> decap --> pith) 2. Pithing
38
Euthanasia methods for captive non-marine mammals (includes NHPs) A: 2 AC: 3 AJ: 4
A: 1. Barbiturates (IV, IP); IC in anesthetized/unconscious 2. Anesthetic overdose (IV, IM) AC: 1. Inhaled anesthetics 2. CO2, CO, inert gases 3. PCB, firearm AJ: 1. KCl (IV, IC) 2. Exsanguination 3. Cervical dislocation or decapitation 4. Thoracic compression
39
Euthanasia methods for captive marine mammals
A: 1) Barbiturates (IV, IP, IC in anesthetized/unconscious) AC: 1) Inhalants (small pinnipeds after sedation/anesthesia)
40
Euthanasia methods for free-ranging wildlife
A: 1) Barbiturates 2) T-61 (off market) AC: 1) Inhaled anesthetics 2) CO2, CO, inert gases 3) Gunshot AJ: 1) KCl 2) Exsanguination 3) Cervical dislocation or decap 4) Thoracic compression F/N same as domestic or captive
41
What principle governs gas displacement rates?
Exponential wash-in and wash-out equations (not linear)
42
Which gas used for euthanasia is unique in that it is stored as a liquid under high pressure?
Carbon dioxide Need regulator and flow meter
43
What is CAS vs immersion?
CAS = Controlled Atmosphere Stunning (gradually increased with displacement rates) vs immersion
44
Which inhalant anesthetics cause epileptiform seizure activity?
Enflurane, sevoflurane
45
What is the least potent of the inhalant anesthetics?
Nitrous oxide (N2O) Has the highest MAC; cannot be used alone for rodents
46
NIOSH exposure limit for halogenated inhalant anesthetics alone or with nitrous oxide
2 ppm (1-hour ceiling) when used alone 0.5 ppm when combined with 25 ppm nitrous oxide (N2O) (time-weighted average)
47
Inhaled anesthetics used for animals < ___ kg
7 kg (or for animals where venipuncture likely difficult)
48
Which euthanasia gas acts by combining with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, blocking uptake of oxygen?
Carbon monoxide
49
Hypoxia produced by inert gases such as N2 and Ar appears to cause little or no aversion in ___ or ___; these animals freely entered the chamber with <2% oxygen
turkeys or chickens
50
Which anesthetic may cause pain due to the formation of carbonic acid when it contacts moisture on the respiratory and ocular membranes?
Carbon dioxide
51
Sodium pentobarbital is DEA Schedule ___ while barbituric acid derivatives (eg + phenytoin) are DEA Schedule ___.
II III
52
Can pentobarb and NMB be injected in same syringe?
No; NMB may act sooner before lose consciousness
53
What is active drug in tributame? What is DEA schedule?
embutramide (also contains chloroquine to make it take effect faster and lidocaine to limit reactions) Schedule III FDA-approved for DOGS
54
X. laevis must be immersed in MS-222 for ___ to achieve euthanasia
1 hr
55
T/F: In general, NPCB only stuns animals and should not be used as sole euthanasia method
TRUE Less effective than PCB However, pneumatic purpose-built NPCB guns have been used successfully to euthanize suckling pigs, neonatal ruminants, and turkeys
56
CO2 displacement rates/time
Rodents: 30-70% per min Rabbits: 50-60% Small ruminants: 70% by 5 min Swine: 80-90% by 5 min Newly pipped/hatched avian eggs: 80-90% Embryonated bird eggs: >20 min
57
For which species is manual blunt force trauma acceptable with conditions?
1. Finfish - follow with pithing or exsanguination 2. Captive amphibians/reptiles 3. Neonatal sheep and goats 4. Nursey pigs (≤ 70 lb) 5. Poultry (especially turkeys, broiler breeds too large for cervical dislocation)
58
Difference in acceptable with conditions for poultry vs avian
Poultry: PCB, NPCB, electrocution, LAPS, manual blunt force trauma Avian: Inhalant anesthetic overdose
59
Euthanizing agents cause death by 3 basic mechanisms:
(1) direct depression of neurons necessary for life function (2) hypoxia (3) physical disruption of brain activity
60
T/F: Mammalian fetuses are in a state of unconsciousness throughout pregnancy and birth
TRUE Hypoxia does not evoke a response in the fetus
61
T/F Mouse pups are born neurologically mature and their afferent pain pathways are well developed
FALSE
62
Fetal heartbeats may continue for an average of ____ min after euthanasia of the dam
30 to 46
63
How to position awake cats for intrahepatic?
Upright with forequarters elevated
64
For head only electrocution, must apply adjunctive method within ___ seconds or may regain consciousness.
15
65
___ and ___ alone are ineffective in zebrafish embryos <3 dpf and should be followed by sodium or calcium hypochlorite.
MS-222 Rapid chilling
66
When do neonatal altricial rodents develop pain perception?
5-7 days
67
Neonatal mice may take up to ___ minutes to die from CO2 exposure, and neonatal rats may take as long as ___ minutes.
50 35
68
Which euthanasia method can cause pulmonary hemorrhage?
CO2
69
When using a penetrating captive bolt device to euthanize large fish, the projectile should be directed into which location?
Hindbrain
70
What combination of signs can be used to confirm death? Which sign ALONE confirms death?
A combination of: lack of pulse, breathing, corneal reflex, and response to firm toe pinch; inability to hear respiratory sounds and heartbeat by use of a stethoscope; graying of the mucous membranes; and rigor mortis. **Only rigor mortis can alone confirm death**

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