Block 5 Flashcards
(379 cards)
1
Q
What is the embryological origin of the GI tract?
A
Endoderm
2
Q
What is the embryological origin of kidneys, gonads, connective tissue, and muscle
A
Mesoderm
3
Q
What does the ectoderm of the embryo form?
A
Epidermal layer of the skin
4
Q
What parts of GI are derived from the foregut?
A
Esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, pancreas, lungs
5
Q
What is dissolved to form the mouth?
A
Oropharyngeal Membrane
6
Q
What parts of the GI are derived from the midgut?
A
Remaining small intestine, cecum, proximal colon
7
Q
What parts of the GI system are derived from the hind gut?
A
Distal colon, rectum
8
Q
What does the cloacal membrane dissolve into?
A
Anal orifice and urogenital opening
9
Q
What is a very potent cell type in the colon?
A
Goblet cells for “poop lube”
10
Q
In the upper GI, what are the regions that are covered with stratified epithelial cells?
A
Tongue, esophagus, oral cavity (gingiva)
11
Q
In the upper GI, what type of regions contain actin in and ducts (simple cuboidal epithelium)
A
Salivary glands (parotid salivary gland, sublingual, zygomatic, mandibular)
12
Q
What are the differentiating characteristics of the different regions of the small intestine?
A
Duodenum: Brunner’s Glands, potentially pancreas
Jejunum: Really long villi
Ileum: Peyer’s patches, small villi
13
Q
What is the most common cell type of the intestine?
A
Enterocytes
14
Q
What cells overly the Peyer’s Patches of the ileum?
A
M-cells aka GALT cells
15
Q
Is the gingiva’s stratified squamous epithelium keratinized?
A
Sometimes
16
Q
What type of cells line the tongue and what physical characteristics does it have?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium (may be keratinized) and the dorsal surface have papillae
The internal core of the tongue has skeletal muscle
17
Q
What are acini and what are ducts?
A
Acini are cells that make and secrete saliva
Ducts are cells that convey saliva to the mouth
18
Q
What are the two types of epithelial cells in acini?
A
Mucous: pale, basophilic (blue) to clear cytoplasm for lubrication
Serous: pale, eosinophilic (pink), granular cytoplasm for proteins that are digestive enzymes (amylase)
19
Q
What are the 4 layers of the tubular GI?
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
20
Q
What 3 components make up the mucosa of the GI?
A
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
21
Q
Which type of feeder does not have any keratinization in their esophagus and which feeders have a lot of keratinization?
A
No keratinization in carnivores
Lots of keratinization in roughage eaters (ruminants)
22
Q
What do the muscular layers of the pig and human’s esophagus look like?
A
Middle 1/3 = smooth + striated. Distal 1/3
23
Q
What do the muscular layers of the esophagus for the cat and horse look like?
A
Proximal 2/3 skeletal muscle, distal 1/3 smooth muscle
24
Q
What does the muscular layers of the dog and ruminants esophagus look like?
A
100% skeletal: Ruminants need to be able to chew their cud and dogs need to be able to voluntarily vomit
25
What is the only species where the squamous region of the stomach plays a large role?
Ruminants!
26
Which chambers of the ruminant stomach are stratified squamous epithelium and which are glandular (simple columnar epithelium)?
The rumen and reticulum are stratified squamous
The abomasum and omasum are both simple cuboidal
27
Which regions of the ruminants stomach is keratinized?
Rumen and reticulum
28
What is the composition of the rumenal lamina propria
NO SMOOTH MUSCLE
29
What is the composition of the reticulum’s lamina propria?
Isolated smooth muscle in the lamina propria
30
What is the composition of the omasum’s lamina propria?
3 different smooth muscle layers
31
What are the 4 main secretory products of the glandular stomach?
Hydrochloric acid
Mucous
Gastrin
Pepsin
32
What cell secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
33
What cells secrete hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells
34
How do parietal cells show up in histology (eosinophilic (pink) or basophilic (blue))
Eosinophilic
35
How do chief cells show up in histology (eosinophilic (pink) or basophilic (blue))
Basophilic
36
Where are mucous cells in the stomach?
Present throughout
37
Where are chief cells and parietal cells?
More prevalent in fundus / body of stomach
38
Where are gastrin - producing cells present in the stomach?
More prevalent in the pylorus (can’t histologically distinguish)
39
What is the function of gastrin?
Gastrin secreted in the fundic region fo
40
What are the pouches of the colon called?
Haustra
41
What are the bands of the colon called?
Teniae coli
42
What are the glands in the duodenum?
Brunner’s Glands
43
What is the junction between glandular and non glandular regions of the equine stomach
Margo plicatus
44
Does the ventral or dorsal colon of the horse have haustra and teniae?
Ventral
45
Where are the two levels of ascending colon joined?
On the left side
46
At what anatomical point does the descending (small colon) turn into the rectum?
At the pelvic inlet
47
Talk through the horse GI from Ilium on
Ilium>RVC>sternal flexure>LVC>Pelvic flexure (on left)>LDC>diaphragmatic flexure>RDC>transverse colon>descending colon>rectum> anus
48
What rib does the diaphragm bulge toward to in the horse
6
49
on the left, Where is the liver in the horse
7-9 high
50
On the left, Where is the stomach of the horse
9-15 high
51
On the left, Where is the spleen of the horse
base: 15-18 high
Apex: 9-12 low
52
Does the small colon have teniae coli?
Yes
53
Does the small intestine have teniae coli?
NO
54
Does the ventral or dorsal large colon have teniae coli and haustra
VENTRAL
55
On the right side of the horse, where is the liver
7-16 high
56
On the right side of the horse, where is the liver
7-16 high
57
Where is the base, body, and apex of the cecum?
BAse: Right paralumbar fossa
Body: Against flank
Apex: located close to xyphoid process
58
Where is the root of the mesentery in the horse?
L1
59
Where is the right kidney of the horse?
T16,17,18. L1
60
Where is the left kidney of the horse?
T18. L1, L2, L3`
60
Where are the ovaries of the horse?
Half way between the tuber coxae and the last rib
61
What are the 2 surfaces of the liver and what way do they face?
Diaphragmatic surface: faces diaphragm
Visceral surface: Faces intestines
62
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right
63
Is the caudate a lobe or a process of the liver in horses?
Process!
64
Where does the falciform ligament (round ligament) pass through on the liver?
The left medial and the quadrate lobes
65
What is the round ligament of the liver a remnant from?
Umbilical vein
66
What is the tendon on the liver that is from the central tendon of the diaphragm?
The coronary ligament
67
What are the 3 things in the porta of the liver?
Portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct (bile)
68
What is the ligament between the stomach and spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
69
What is another name for the fundus of the stomach?
The blind sac
69
What are the 3 reasons that a horse rarely vomits?
Cardiac sphincter is very strong
Very acute angle of the esophagus
Folds of mucosa blocks opening
69
What is the region that allows the portal vein to pass through the pancreas in the horse?
The pancreatic ring
70
What are the 6 parts to the equine duodenum?
Cranial part of duodenum
Cranial duodenal flexure
Descending duodenum
Caudal duodenal flexure
Ascending duodenum
Duodenal jujunal flexure
71
What are the 2 openings on the major duodenal papillae
Pancreatic duct
Hepatic duct
72
What are the opening(s) on the minor duodenal papillae?
Accessory pancreatic duct
73
What is the landmark of mesenteric tissue that marks the end of the small intesting?
The ileocecal fold
74
What is the protuberance of ileum into the cecum called?
Ileal papilla
75
Where does the cecocolic ligament attach to?
Right ventral colon
76
How many bands does the cecum, RVC, LVC have?
4
77
How many bands does the LDC have?
1
78
How many bands the RDC have?
3
79
How many bands does the small colon have?
2
80
What is the telescoping of the intestine called?
Intussusception (commonly occurs at the ileocecal junction)
81
What are their 3 arteries that supply blood to the whole abdominal cavity in the horse?
Celiac
Cranial Mesenteric
Caudal Mesenteric
82
What 3 arteries branch off of the celiac artery in the horse?
Splenic
Left gastric (lesser curvature)
Hepatic
83
What artery supplies the spleen in the horse?
Splenic
84
What artery supplies the liver in the horse?
Hepatic
85
What artery supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach in the horse
Left gastric
86
What are the arteries of the cranial mesenteric in the horse to the small intestine?
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal artery
Ileal artery ->iliocolic artery
87
What artery supplies the duodenum in the horse?
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
88
What artery supplies the jejunum of the horse?
Jejunal arteries
89
What arteries supply the ilium of the horse?
Ileal and ileocolic arteries
90
What arteries supply the colon of the horse?
Middle colic
Right colic
Ileocolic
Colic branch of ileocolic artery
91
What artery supples the transverse colon? in the horse
Middle colic artery
92
What artery supplies the left and right dorsal colon?
Right colic artery
93
What artery supplies the ventral colon?
Colic branch of the ileocolic
94
What artery supplies the cecum in a horse?
The cecal arteries (medial and lateral)
95
What artery supplies the small colon on the horse?
Caudal mesenteric artery
96
What are the branches of the caudal mesenteric artery?
Cranial rectal
Left colic
97
What artery supplies the proximal small colon in the horse?
Left colic (then anastomoses with middle colic)
98
What artery supplies blood to distal small colon and rectum?
Cranial rectum
99
How many ribs does a ruminant have?
13 (just like dog)
100
How many ribs does a horse have?
18
101
What are the borders of the paralumbar fossa of the cow?
Cranially: 13th rib
Caudal: tuber coxae
Dorsally: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Ventrally: Line of tension of internal abdominal oblique
102
Where is the site of incision for the paralumbar fossa?
Halfway between the ribs and tuber coxae
103
What do the grooves on the outside of the rumen contain?
Arteries and nerves
104
What do the longitudinal grooves of the rumen separate?
The ventral and dorsal sacs
105
What is the only “pillar” on the inside of the rumen that isn’t called a pillar?
Rumenoreticular fold
106
What is the groove within the rumen?
Gastric groove helps to shunt blood from esophagus to the abomasum
107
What are the 3 parts of the gastric groove?
Reticular groove
Omasal groove
Abomasal groove
108
What are the 3 arteries coming from the celiac artery in the cow?
Splenic
Left gastric
Hepatic
109
What are the 3 arteries that come from the splenic artery in the cow?
Reticular
Left ruminal
Right ruminal
110
What artery is the principal supply of blood to the rumen?
Right rumenal artery from splenic artery from celiac artery
111
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the rumen?
The dorsal and ventral ventral trunks
112
Where does the ilium empty in the cow?
Ileocecocolic orifice
113
What are the 3 parts to the ascending bovine colon?
Proximal loop
Spiral loop
Distal loop
114
What are the 3 parts of the spiral loop?
Centripetal gyri
Central flexure
Centrifugal gyri
115
What are the gyri going into the spiral loop?
Centripetal gyri
116
What are the gyri coming out the spiral loop?
Centrifugal gyri
117
What is the difference in the pancreas between small ruminants and bovine?
Small ruminants have a pancreatic duct emptying into the major papilla while bovine only have an accessory pancreatic duct emptying into minor papilla
118
Why are ruminant livers more vertical?
The rumen pushes everything right
119
Where is the gall bladder in teh cow located?
10th-11th intercostal space between right lobe and quad rate lobe
120
Where does the superficial leaf of the greater omentum attach in the cow?
The left longitudinal groove
121
Where does the deep leaf of the greater omentum attach in the cow?
Right longitudinal groove
122
What is the space between the superficial and deep leaf of the omentum called?
OMental bursa
123
What is the topographic region of flank?
Abdominal wall from ribs to thigh
124
What is the skin and cutaneous trunci bridging to thigh?
Fold of the flank
125
What is the innervation of the flank?
Costoabdominal nerve: Thoracic nerve #18 (T18)
Iliohypogastric nerve: L1
Ilioinguinal nerve: L2
Genitofemoral nerve: L3
Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve: L4
126
What muscle would you be cutting if you cut paramedical to the linea alba?
The rectus abdominus muscle
127
What is the cutaneous muscle over the shoulder region of the horse?
Cutaneous omobrachialis
128
Which direction does the external abdominal oblique muscles run?
Caudoventral (Jacket pockets)
129
Which direction do the internal abdominal oblique muscles run?
Cranioventral (up into jacket)
130
What muscle does the cremaster muscle originate from?
Internal abdominal oblique
131
What direction does the trans versus abdominis run?
Vertical
132
Which direction does rectus abdominus run?
Straight cranially
133
What are the internal boundaries of the abdomen?
Cranial: Diaphragm
Caudal: Pelvic Inlet
Dorsal: Paired hypaxial muscles and lumbar and sacral vertebrae
134
Where are the hypaxial muscles?
On the inside of the abdominal cavity, paired on each side of the lumbar vertebrae
135
What are the 3 paired abdominal hypaxial muscles?
Psoas major
Psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum
136
What are the hypaxial mm innervated by?
The ventral branches of lumbar nerves
137
What vital functions do the lateral abdominal muscles help with?
Expiration, urination, defecation, and parturition
138
What is the muscle that extended from prepublication tendon to sternum?
Rectus abdominis
139
What is the collagenous mass cranial to the pubic bone called?
Prepubic tendon
140
What is the fibrous connective tissue associated with the rectus abdominis?
Aponeurosis (rectus sheath)
141
What are the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
142
What muscle is associated with cremaster m?
Internal abdominal oblique
143
What muscle is associated with teh inguinal ligament?
External abdominal oblique
144
What is the thin connective tissue attaching abdominal wall to peritoneum?
Transversalis fascia
145
What is the mideventral strip of collagenous tissue on the abdomen?
Where does it extend from and enter?
Linea alba
Xiphoid process to pelvic symphysis
146
Where are epaxial muscles?
Where are Hypaxial muscles?
Dorsal to vertebrae
Ventral to vertebrae
147
What are the 3 epaxial muscle systems (from lateral to medial)
(ILT)
Iliocostalis system
Longissimus system
Transversospinalis system
148
What is the layer that lines the abdominal cavity called?
Peritoneum (encloses peritoneal cavity)
149
Do any organs lie within the peritoneal cavity?
No! Only fluid
150
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Lines the body wall
151
What is the visceral peritoneum?
Lines the organs
152
What is teh connecting peritoneum?
Connects organs to body walls. Connects parietal and visceral peritoneum or between visceral peritoneum
153
What are examples of connecting peritoneum?
Mesentery
Ligaments
Omentum
Folds
154
Where is the root of mesentery in the dog?
L2
155
Where is the greater omentum and where is the lesser omentum?
Greater omentum to greater curvature of stomach
Lesser omentum to lesser curvature of stomach
156
What is the omental bursa?
Space between superficial and deep leaves of omentum
157
What is the lesser omentum between the stomach and liver called?
Hepatogastric ligament
158
What is the lesser omentum between the liver and the duodenum?
Hepatoduodenal
159
What is the small hole between stomach and liver in the lesser omentum? And where does it lie compared to the median plane?
Epiploic foramen right of median plane
160
What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?
Dorsally: Caudal vena cava
Ventrally: Portal vein
Cranially: Caudate lobe of liver
161
Which side of the body is the epiploic foramen on?
THE RIGHT!
162
Which side of the body is the spleen on?
Left
163
What does the spleen do in the fetus?
Produces red blood cells
164
What does the spleen do in the adult?
Stores red blood cells, stores iron, destroys worn out red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes
165
What is the ligament that connects spleen and stomach?
Gastrosplenic ligament
166
What are the 6 lobes of the dog liver?
Left lateral lobe
Left medial lobe
Quadrate lobe
Right medial lobe
Right lateral lobe
Caudate lobe
167
In the dog, where is the gallbladder located between?
The right medial lobe and the quadrate lobe
168
What are the two processes on the caudate lobe of the dog liver?
The caudate process and the papillary process
169
What are the 8 ligaments of the liver?
Falciform ligament
Round ligament of the liver
Right triangular ligament
Left triangular ligament
Coronary ligament
Hepatorenal ligament
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
170
What are the ducts that flow bile from liver to gall bladder?
Hepatic duct
171
What are ducts that flow bile from gallbladder to and from the liver?
Cystic duct
172
What are ducts that flow bile from cystic duct to major papilla?
Common bile duct
173
What is the sphincter that controls the flow of bile?What chemical signals for relaxation?
Sphincter of Oddi
CCK
174
What opens at the minor duodenal papilla?
Accessory pancreatic duct
175
What are the 3(ish) paired visceral veins in the abdomen
Renal, adrenal, and either testicular or ovarian
176
What are the paired parietal veins in the abdomen
Caudal phrenic, cranial abdominal, lumbar, deep circumflex iliac
177
What lobe of the liver does the caudal vena cava run in the dog?
Caudate lobe
178
Where does the caudal vena cava run through in the dog?
Caval foramen
179
Where does the left testicular/ovarian vein drain into?
Left renal vein
180
Where does the portal vein form in teh dog?
At the root of the mesentery (L2)
181
Does the portal vein contain valves?
Yes
182
Where is the epiploic foramen?
On the right side
183
What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen in the dog?
Dorsally: Caudal vena cava
Ventrally: Portal vein
Cranially: Caudate lobe of live
184
What 4 veins does the portal vein receive blood from?
Splenic vein
Gastroduodenal vein
Cranial mesenteric veins
Caudal mesenteric vein
185
Where do hepatic veins receive blood from and empty into?
The liver and drain into the caudal vena cava
186
Where is the thoracic duct located in relation to azygos and caudal vena cava?
Thoracic duct
187
What is the cisterna chyli?
Dilated structure that receives lymph drainage
188
***What are the parietal lymph node groups?
Lumbar lymph nodes
Aortic lymph nodes
Renal lymph nodes
Medial iliac lymph nodes
189
What are te visceral lymph nodes?
Celiac
Cranial mesenteric
Caudal mesenteric
190
What are the folds of the stomach wall called?
Rugae
191
What does the cardiac part of stomach mostly produce?
Mucous
192
What does the fundus of the stomach mostly produce?
Gastric juice
193
What does the body of the stomach mostly produce?
Gastric juice
194
What does the pyloric part of the stomach mostly produce?
Mucus
195
What are the two parts to the pylorus?
First: Pyloric antrum
Second: Pyloric canal -> pyloric sphincter
196
Where is the cardia (fixed part of stomach) located in the dog?
Left 9th intercostal space
197
What is the most fixed part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
198
Where is the caudal duodenal flexure located?
L6 vertebra
199
What is the artery that lies opposite of mesentary on ileum
Antimesenteric ileal artery
200
What is the connection between the ileum and the cecum called
Ileocecal fold
201
What is the purpose of the appendix?
Serves as a safe haven for good bacteria to be recruited from when needed
202
What suspends the colon?
Mesocolon
203
Where are the anal sacs located between?
Internal and external anal sphincters
204
What is the sympathetic innervation from the foregut and midgut?
Celiacomesenteric ganglion
205
What is the sympathetic innervation from the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric ganglion via hypogastric
206
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the foregut and midgut
Vagus n
207
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut
pelvic n
208
What is the neurotransmitter for rest and digest (parasympathetic)
acetylcholine
209
What is a general term for a network of lymphatics, nerves, or veins, both in the sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Plexus
210
What is a general term for a group of cell bodies located outside the central nervous system, only in the sympathetic system?
Ganglion
211
What are the sympathetic nerves that run between the sympathetic trunk and autonomic ganglion?
Splanchnic nerves
212
What are the 3 splanchnic nerves?
Major splanchnic
Minor splanchnic
Lumbar splanchnic
213
Where does major splanchnic nerve go?
Adrenal and celicomesenteric ganglion and plexus
214
Where does minor splanchnic nerve go?
Adrenal and celiacomesenteric ganglia and plexus
215
Where does lumbar splanchnic nerve go?
Cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia nad plexus
216
What controls the sympathetic innervation of the pelvic organs?
Pelvic organs
217
What does the ventral and dorsal vagal trunk innervate respectively?
Ventral: Parietal
Dorsal: Visceral
218
What does retroperitoneum mean?
Behind abdominal cavity
219
Where does the descending aorta terminate?
At L7
220
How is the aorta situated relative to the caudal vena cava?
To the left
221
What artery supplies the foregut?
Celiac artery
222
What artery supplies the midgut?
Cranial mesenteric
223
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric
224
What are the 3 branches of the hepatic artery?
Hepatic branch
Right gastric branch
Gastroduodenal branch
225
What are the 2 branchs of the gastroduodenal branch fo teh hepatic artery?
Right gastroepiploic
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal
226
What are the 2 branches of the splenic artery in the dog?
Left gastroepiploic
Short gastric branches
227
What artery supplies the pancreas with blood?
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal
228
What are the two arteries of the ventral abdominal wall?
Cranial epigastric
Caudal epigastric
229
What two arteries supply the dorsal abdominal wall?
Cranial abdominal
Deep circumflex iliac
230
What is the primary purpose of the large intestine in horses?
Microbial fermentation and absorption
231
What are the 4 cell types of the intestinal mucosa?
Paneth cells
Goblet cells
Enterocytes
M cells
232
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?
Epithelium
Laminae Propria
Musclaris mucosa
233
Where are pits located?
Stomach
234
Where are villi and crypts located?
Intestine
235
What are the histological characteristics of the colon?
NO VILLI, JUST CRYPTS
Increased goblet cells
frequent peyer's patches
236
Are the cecum, colon, and rectum distinguishable
Nope
237
What are the 4 possible places for GALT to be seen?
Tonsils
Colon / cecum
Major papilla of duodenum
Ileum
238
What are the 5 functions of the liver?
Bile production
Production and breakdown of lipids, protein, and carbs
Storage of carbs and lipids
Xenobiotic metabolism and biotransformation
Immune function (blood filtration)
239
How are livers microscopically organized?
Lobule
240
What type of endothelium does the liver have?
Fenestrated endothelium with incomplete basal lamina
241
what are the blood vessels through the liver called?
Sinusoids
242
What are the cells in the liver that we should know?
Stellate
Kupffer
Hepatocyte
Endothelial
243
What do stellate cells do?
Store fat, vitamin A, contribute to fibrosis and regeneration
244
What do Kupffer cells do?
Resident liver macrophages
245
What do stellate cells look like histologically?
Look like adipose cells a little
246
What do Kupffer cells look like histologically?
Like stellate but with basophilicish pigment
247
What are the 4 things within the portal triad?
Artery, bile duct, portal vein, lymphatics
248
Where do the portal veins and hepatic arteries drain in the sinusoids?
Toward the central vein of the lobule
249
Which way does the bile flow in the liver?
Opposite direction of blood, toward bile duct
250
What is the most deoxygenated zone of the liver?
3 least oxygenated and 1 is most
251
What is the acinus of rappaport
Ovals radiating from adjacent portal triads and bordered by central veins
252
What is zone 1 of acinus of rappaport called?
Portal
253
What is zone 2 of acinus of rappaport called?
Midzonal
254
What is zone 3 of acinus of rappaport called?
Centrilobular
255
Which acinus of rappaport is most susceptible to hypoxia
Centrilobular
256
Which acinus of rappaport is most susceptible to injury from toxins?
Portal
257
What are the lining cells of the liver?
Endothelium and biliary epithelium
258
Whats another name for the stellate cells?
Ito cells
259
What cell makes bile?
Hepatocytes
260
What are islets of langerhans?
Islands of endocrine producing cells of the pancreas
261
What color are acinir cells of the pancreas?
Pink zymogen granules
262
What does the exocrine pancreas produce?
Proenzyme for digestion
Active enzymes
Factors for cobalamine (B12) absorption
Zinc homeostasis
263
What is something you should consider when presented with a low muscle dog?
GI issues
264
What is nutrient assimilation
Breakdown of larger molecules into basic units (polysaccharides into monosacchrides)
265
What is the frist enzyme that begins to breakdown protein?
Pepsin
266
What are the 4 purposes of the GI?
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Motility
267
What animals dont have salivary amylase?
Cattle, dogs, and cats
268
Is UES skeletal or smooth muscle?
Skeletal muscle
269
What esophagus composition are cow and dog (maybe pig)
All skeletal muscle
270
What esophagus composition are humans, cats, and horses?
Skeletal>smooth/skeletal>smooth
271
What is goal of LES?
To reduce acid reflux
272
Is the LES physiological or anatomic?
Physiological, not really a muscle in itself but many things contribute to it
273
What stomach cells produce gastrin?
G-cells
274
What stomach cells produce somatostatin
D cells
275
What are the most common cells in the crypts of the GI?
Stem cells
276
What are the 4 functions of small intestines?
Digestions
Nutrient absorption
Extract water
motility
277
what are the 3 biggest locations that digestive enzymes come from in teh small instestine?
Bile (liver/gall bladder), villi themselves, and pancreas
278
What are the 3 largest areas from which digestive enzymes come from in the small intestine?
Pancreas, liver (bile), and the villi themselves
279
Where are bile salts and B12 reabsorbed?
Ileum
280
What are the 3 functions of teh colon?
Recovery of water and electrolytes
Storage of feces
Microbial fermentation
281
What is teh largest endocrine organ in the body?`
GI tract
282
What is the target of gastrin?
Parietal cells to increase gastric acid secretion
283
What is a trigger for gastrin secretion?
high pH, gastric distension, and increased vagal stimulation
284
What is the negative feedback for G-cells?
D-cells secrete somatostatin when pH is too low (negative feedback)
285
***What nerve plexus is responsible for moving stuff along intestine?
Myenteric plexus
286
***What nerve plexus is responsible for intestinal secretion?
Submucosal plexus
287
Are splanchnic nerves sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
288
What is a neurotransmitter that will promote GI function?
Acetylcholine
289
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty chewing and swallowing
290
What are stimuli for salivation?
Resting
Food in mouth
Irritating substance
Thought
291
Is salivation parasympathetic or sympathetic?
parasympathetic
292
What is in mucus?
Bicarbonate
293
What activates pepsinogen?
HCl
294
What are 3 epithelial defenses for gastric mucosa from acid?
Tight junctions
Ion pumps (remove H+)
Epithelial restitution
295
What are the 3 chemical triggers to acid secretion?
Gastrin
Histamine
Acetylcholine
296
What are the 3 steps to gastric acid secretion?
cephalic phase: Vagus tone from scent, sight, etc.
Gastric phase: Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
Intestinal phase: Food in duodenum turns off acid secretion
297
What are the 3 phases of swallowing?
Oropharyngeal phase
Esophageal phase
Gastroesophageal phase
298
What is the most, middle, and least likely foods to stimulate swallowing?
Most: Food
Middle: Liquid
Lowest: Oil
299
What is primary vs secondary peristalsis
Primary: First wave with ingesta
Secondary: Cleanup wave
300
What is the movement in the intestine during a fasted state?
Migrating Motor Complex (erythromycin does not work in cats!!!)
301
What is the difference between peristaliss and segmentations?
Peristalsis is the controlled ovement of bolus through the GI while segmentation is the breakdown and mechanical digestion of foods while moving down the GI
302
What is the reflex that causes you to have to poop after eating a meal?
Gastrocolic reflex
303
What are the 3 phases to vomiting
1) Closed glottis increases pressure
2) Diaphragm tenses and involuntary contractions
3) More pressure in stomach and proximal duodenum
304
What are the 4 inputs for vomiting?
Abdominal viscera
Chemoreceptor trigger zone
Vestibular apparatus
Cerebral cortex
305
What are the receptors for vestibular apparatus in dogs?
M1
306
What are the receptors for abdominal viscera in dogs?
NK1 and 5-HT3
307
What are the receptors for chemoreceptor trigger zone in dogs?
D2, alpha2, NK1, H1, 5-HT3
308
Where does vestibular apparatus go through in dogs?
Goes through chemoreceptor trigger zone
309
What are the receptors in the vomiting center of the dog brain?
alpha2 and NK1
310
What are the main differences in the cat vomiting receptors than dog?
Cats dont have a D2 or H1 trigger in their chemoreceptor trigger zone
311
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
Gastric vomiting because acid leaves body leaving a lot of base
312
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Duodenal vomiting because a lot of base leaves the body leaving acid in the system
313
Where is folate found and what would cause low folate?
Proximal small intestine “folate first” and a disease blocking access to small intestine or a proximal disease
314
Where is B12 (cobalamin) absorbed?
Ileum
315
Does motaline work in cats?
NO!
316
Why do certain microbiota cause some people to be obese?
The microbiota have unique transporters that allow more carbs to be digested
317
Where in the GI are the most bacteria found?
Colon (anaerobic bacteria)
318
What is dysbiosis?
Disruption in a community
319
What are the unique organs of bird GI?
Crop
Proventriculus (true stomach)
Ventriculus (gizzard)
Cloaca
Vent
320
What are the microbes in the rumen (fermentation vat) that break down the complex carbs?
Protozoa
Bacteria
Fungi
321
What are normal rumination times of a cow?
2-3/2 min
322
What are some ways to determine rumen function?
# of ruminations
New methylene blue reduction test
Chloride
PH
Smell
Visualization of Protozoa
323
Where is reticulum located anatomically?
Cranioventrally (across diaphragm from heart)
324
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorbs water, electrolytes, and VFAs
325
What is the largest compartment in the calf?
Abomasum
326
Where does the dorsal and vagal trunks go to in the bovine stomach
Dorsal: Rumen
Ventral trunk: Reticulum, omasum, abomasum
327
What stimulates the closer of the esophageal groove (gastric groove?)
Suckling
328
What are the 5 functions of the liver?
Storage of blood
Metabolism of fats, carbs, proteins, hormones, and foreign chemicals
Formation and excretion of bile
Storage of vitamins and iron
Formation of coagulation factors
329
What are the 2 interhepatic parts of the biliary tract?
Interlobular ducts
Bile canaliculi
330
How many openings does the cat have in its duodenum?
Just one with common bile duct and pancreatic duct together!`
331
What is the space of Disse
Fenestrated endothelium of the endothelium allowing for mixing of blood with cells
332
What are the cells in the liver responsible for cleaning the blood?
Kupffer cells
333
What cells of the liver are responsible for the metabolic function?
Hepatocytes
334
What are the 3 functions of bile?
Emulsification of fat
Aid in absorption of digested fats
Secretion of substances through biliary tract (like bilirubin)
335
What percent of bile acids are reabsorbed and where are they reabsorbed?
95% in the ileum
336
What is a bile marker of a sick liver?
Sick hepatocytes will have a decreased ability to extract bile acids from portal blood.
Assay of systemic levels of bile acid is used clinically as a sensitive indicator of hepatic disease
337
What is the hormone that causes an increase in bile secretion?
Secretin
338
What causes the yellowing of skin during liver disease?
Inability to remove bilirubin from blood (jaundice or icterus)
339
What is bilirubin?
A useless and toxic breakdown of hemoglobin
340
What is conserved during RBC digestion?
Iron
341
What are the steps to eliminating heme?
1) Heme is converted into free bilirubin inside phagocytes cell
2) Free bilirubin is stripped off albumin and absorbed by hepatocytes
3) Conjugated bilirubin is secreted into the bile canaliculus as part of bile and this delivered to the small intestine
342
What does high bilirubin indicate?
Liver dysfunction
343
Where does portal blood flow from?
Intestines
Pancreas
Spleen
Stomach
344
What are 2 mechanisms in liver disease?
Decreased synthesis of clotting factors
Vitamin K deficiency
345
What are fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
346
What are water soluble vitamins?
B
347
What are the 2 phases to liver metabolism?
Primary oxidation (convert active > active, inactive> active, bio activate > toxic compound)
Primary Conjugation
348
What are targets of hepatoencephalopathy?
Astrocytes
349
What is the acronym for complications with liver disease?
CANINE
350
What are markers of increased hepatic activity (hepatic necrosis)
ALT (high in injury), AST (not liver specific and short half-life), SDH
351
What are markers of cholestasis?
ALP, GGT
352
What are the 2 primary liver function tests?
Serum bile acids
Blood ammonia levels
353
What is the primary indicator for portosystemic shunt?
Blood Ammonia
354
What does the pancreas secrete?
Bicarbonate
Digestive enzymes
355
What are 3 functions of the pancreas?
Secretion (bicarbonate, digestive enzymes)
Intrinsic factors for B12 absorption (in ileum)
Trypsin inhibitor (to not auto digest)
356
How are pancreatic cells not autodigested?
Digestive enzymes are secreted in inactive form
Duodenal wall secretes enterokinase to activate inactive enzymes
357
What inhibits insulin secretion?
Amylin
358
What inhibits both insulin and glucagon?
Somatostatin
359
What is first phase of insulin secretion
3-5 minutes after increase of blood glucose, beta cells secrete first wave of insulin
360
Wha this phase 2 of insulin secretion
If high blood glucose is maintained, more insulin is produced and a sustained level of blood glucose occurs at about 2-3 hours
361
What 2 hormones are needed for growth?
Insulin and growth hormone
362
What duct goes to the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
363
What is the chemical that causes the contraction of the gallbladder?
CCK
364
What are the biochemical markers in the liver that allude to disease caused from hepatocellular origins
ALT, AST, LDH, SDA, Argininase
365
What are enzymes responsible for cholestasis?
ALP and GGT
366
Are ALP and ALT markers of liver functions?
NO!
367
Is elevated ALP in cats or dogs more concerning?
Cats!
368
Does the cat have an accessory pancreatic duct?
NO
369
What do the duct cells do for the pancreas
Secrete bicarbonate, water, cations, and anions
370
What is the pancreas’ role in absorbing B12 (cobalamin)
Release of intrinsic factors for B12 to be absorbed in the ileum
371
What is the gallbladder lined with?
Simple columnar
372
Where is the gall bladder located?
Between quadrate and right medial lobe
373
Are bands found on the rumen digestive system?
NOPE!
374
Can hypomotility be treated with drugs in cats? Dogs?
Cats: yes
Dogs: no
375
What is the most common emetic used in dogs?
Apomorphine
376
What is the most common emetic in cats?
Xylazine
