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Endocrine Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural

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2
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Vascular

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3
Q

What is the vascular system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal system

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4
Q

What are the two hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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5
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

increases blood pressure, increases renal water resorption, concentrates the urine

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6
Q

What is GnRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Gonandotropin releasing hormone, FSH and LH, Gonads

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7
Q

What is CRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex

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8
Q

What is TRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Thyroid releasing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin, thyroid

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9
Q

What is PRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin, mammary glands

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10
Q

What is GHRH, what does it cause the release of, and what is its target?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, growth hormone, liver and all over

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11
Q

What is the prolactin inhibiting hormone?

A

dopamine

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12
Q

What is the inhibiting hormone of growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

GIH / somatostatin

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13
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and bone metabolism

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14
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Regulates tissue and energy metabolism

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15
Q

What are the correct terms for absorbing in the kidney, GI, and bones?

A

Absorption
Reabsorption
Resorption

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16
Q

What are the 3 minerals of bone?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of calcium in the blood of bones?

A

Protein-bound calcium
Active Calcium
Complexed calcium

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18
Q

What are the 3 hormones of calcium regulation?

A

PTH
Calcitonin
Vitamin D

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19
Q

What are the 3 parathyroid cells?

A

Chief cells
Clear cells
Oxyphil cells

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20
Q

What cells detect changes in calcium and produce the most?

A

Chief cells

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21
Q

What are the 4 functions of PTH

A

Increase blood calcium
Decrease blood phosphorus
Increase bone remodeling
Increases Vitamin D activation

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22
Q

What 3 things stimulate PTH and what inhibits PTH

A

Hypocalcemia
Hyperphosphatemia
Magnesium levels stimulate
Vitamin D and hypercalcemia inhibit

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23
Q

How many targets does PTH have and what are they?

Study These Flashcards
A

Kidney and bone

24
Q

What effect does PTH have on kidneys

Study These Flashcards
A

Calcium reabsorption
inhibit Phosphorus reabsorption
Increase vitamin D synthesis

25
What role does PTH have on bones?
Increase bone resorption PTH acts to activate osteoclasts ***Phosphorus is also released in this process (urinated through kidney)
26
What role does the proximal tube have in reabsorption?
Inhibits Na/Pi transporter to not allow reabsorption of phosphate
27
What role does the loop of Henle have in calcium homeostasis
Increases Na/K/Cl cotransporter, making lumen more positive which increases transport of Ca and Mg
28
What role do tubular cells have on calcium homeostasis?
PTH activates hydroxylase which activated vitamin D
29
What organ and which cells produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells (c cells) of thyroid
30
What is released in the stomach that activates C cells
Gastrin is released in response to calcium which causes C cells to release calcitonin
31
What role does calcitonin play during lactation
Calcitonin helps to make sure that too much bone isnt being resorbed
32
What additional hormone is released during lactation from the mammary gland?
PTHrP Parathyroid hormone-related peptide
33
What does vitamin D do in calcium homeostasis?
A little confusing but it modulates it to make sure that not too much calcium from bone is being used, increased calcium AND phosphorus as well as reducing PTH secretion
34
What is a vitamin D deficiency called in youth? Adults?
Rickets Osteomalacia
35
What is the precursor to vitamin D?
Cholesterol
36
What activates vitamin D in the kidney?
PTH
37
What is the active form of vitamin D and what is the inactive form?
calcidio and calcitriol
38
What is the active and inactive form of TH?
T4 = inactive T3 = active
39
What cell makes thyroid Where is thyroid stored?
Follicular cells Follicle colloid
40
What element does thyroid hormone require?
Iodine
41
What role does iodine play in T4 secretion?
T4 is made in follicular cells and exported to colloid TSH stimulates increase in iodine transport into colloid iodine binds precursor then moved out into circulation Some T3 is also secreted
42
How is T3 inactivated?
cleaved to T2
43
How is most thyroid hormone found in the blood?
Protein bound
44
What is hyperthyroidism
High TH which increases metabolic function
45
What is hypothyroidism?
Low circulating TH which decreases metabolic activity
46
How would you not superimpose the mandible in a VD view of the head? And what is it used for?
Open mouth VD, allows for view of nasal cavity
47
What is an additional way to check the nasal cavities of dogs?
Intraoral dorsal ventral image (place plate in dog's mouth)
48
What is a rostrocaudal image used for?
To look at frontal sinuses Tip nose away from tube to look at tympanic bulla
49
How do you place a marker in a dorsal-ventral oblique view (or any oblique view)
The marker closets to the anatomy indicates side
50
What is are main images taken for large animals?
Dorsal ventral lateral images
51
How can you tell the difference between lateral and oblique images?
Not a perfect imposition Has two labels
52
What are reasons to radiograph the skull and spine?
Trauma Masses or swellings Ear disease Nasal and parasinus disease Teeth
53
What is the best way for a dog to lie during cervical x rays
When the dog's spine is as straight as possible
54
What does the marker on a lateral image represent?
Which side of the body is closest to the table
55
How is a cervical ventral dorsal image done on small animals
Put into a trough May need to aim beam towards thorax to highlight disk changes
56
When are DV / VD images done in large animals?
ONLY when they are small

Anatomy (26 decks)

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