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Neuro anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the neuro system?

A

CNS, PNS, and ANS

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2
Q

Were does the germ layer of come from?

A

Embryonic ectoderm

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3
Q

What divides the central neural canal?

A

Sulcus limitans

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4
Q

What is the sensory area of the neural canale?

A

Alar plate

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5
Q

What is the motor area of the neural plate?

A

Basal plate

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6
Q

Is alar plate ventral or dorsal? Basal plate?

A

Alar: dorsal
Basal: ventral

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7
Q

What forms the autonomic ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and adrenal medulla?

A

Neural crest

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8
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencepahlon

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9
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the brain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Meyencephalon

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10
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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11
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

What is hind brain?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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13
Q

What parts are the anatomic brain?

A

Cerebelum and brainstem

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14
Q

What parts are the clinical brain?

A

Forebranin, midbrain, and hindbrain

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15
Q

What anatomical parts does the metencephalon contain?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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16
Q

What anatomical parts does the myelencephalon contain?

A

The medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle?

A

Telencephalon

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18
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

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19
Q

Where is the mesencephalic aquaduct?

A

Mesencephalon

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20
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

Goes through metencephalon and myelincephalon
Metencephalon: foramina of Luschka
Meyelincephalon: foramina of Magendie

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21
Q

In the spinal cord, what does white matter originate from?

A

Marginal layer

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22
Q

In the spinal cord, what does grey matter originate from?

A

Mantle layer

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23
Q

In the spinal cord, what does the ependymal cells originate from?

A

Germinal layer

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24
Q

What is a large bundle of white matter called in the brain stem?

A

Funiculus

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25
What is a small bundle of white matter called in the brain stem?
Fascicules
26
What are the sensory classifications?
GSA SSA GVA SVA GP SP
27
What are the motor classifications?
GVE SVE GSE
28
What does the S and V mean in the classifications?
Somatic = Body structures Visceral = Organ structures
29
What structures does the myelencepahlon have (including CN)?
Olive, pyramids, trapezoid body, and CN 6-12
30
What are the boundaries of the myelencephalon?
Rostral limit - trapezoid body Caudal limit - first cervical spinal nerve
31
What is the trapezoid responsible for?
Auditory system
32
What are the pyramids responsible for?
Pyramidal motor system
33
What is the olive responsible for?
extrapyramidal motor system
34
What are the dorsal anatomical landmarks of the meyencephalon
Fasciculus gracilis: proprioception from pelvic Fasciculus cuneatus: proprioception from thoracic
35
What is the caudal end of the 4th ventricle and the midpoint of the myelencephalon?
Obex
36
What is the sulcus limitans in the brain stem?
Where wall of 4th ventricle meets the floor
37
What are the boundaries of the metencephalon?
The transverse fibers of the pons
38
What cranial nerves are in the pons (metencephalic)?
V
39
What does the cerebellum do?
Coordinates motor activity with sensory information
40
What connects the cerebellum to the metencephalic?
Cerebellar puduncles (3 pairs - lateral, dorsal, and medial)
41
What is the rostral and caudal limits of the mesencephalon?
Diencephalon and metencephalon
42
What is on the ventral surface of the mesencephalic?
Crus cerebri - descending pyramidal motor pathway Interpeduncular fossa - space between left and right crus cerebri
43
What cranial nerves are in the mesencephalic?
III and IV
44
What is on the dorsal surface of the mesencephalic?
Corpora quadrigemina (colliculus) -Rostral colliculus: Visual reflexes -Caudal colliculus: Auditory reflexes
45
What is the dorsal part of the mesencephalic?
Tectum
46
What is the ventral part of the mesecephalic?
Tegmentum
47
What are the 5 divisions of the diencephalon?
Thalmus epithalmus metathalmus subthalmus hypothalmus
48
What are the boundaries of the diencephalon?
Optic nerves Mammillary bodies
49
What is the site of synapse for autonomic and emotions?
Mammillary bodies
50
What is the site of attachment for the pituitary gland?
Tuber cinereum
51
What cranial nerves are in the diencephalon?
II
52
What are where is the regulator of melatonin and circadian rythmn?
Pinneal body in epithalmus
53
What is the site of synapse in the auditory pathway?
Medial geniculate body - metathalmus
54
What part of the brain has olfactory bulb?
Telencephalon
55
What cranial nerves are in the telencephalon?
Olfactory
56
What are ridges and grooves of the cerebrum?
Gyrus and sulcus
57
What are the sulcus from medial to lateral on dorsal side of the spinal cord?
Dorsal median sulcus Intermediate sulcus Dorsolateral sulcus
58
What is the depression on the ventral side of the spinal cord?
Ventral median fissure
59
The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column, what is the site of termination for canine, equine, bovine, and feline?
Canine L5 Equine S1-2 Bovine L6 Feline L6
60
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
61
What are the fibers going off the conus medullaris called?
Cauda equina (tail of horse)
62
What is an example of a spinal reflex?
Leg kick
63
What is an example of a brainstem reflex
Blink reflex
64
What is a pathway with only one synapse?
Monosynaptic (rare)
65
How are signals sent through multiple spinal cord segments?
Interconnections via the interneuron
66
What is the purpose of the skin twitch test?
Can move along vertebrae and perform test, once area is reached without twitch, can confidently say there is a lesion around that vertebrae
67
What is the difference between conscious proprioception and subconscious proprioception?
Conscious: At rest Subconscious: Moving
68
Describe fascicules gracilis pathway
Pelvic limb (DOG PAW FLIP ONE) 1st neuron: Dorsal root ganglion and ascends fascicules gracilis ipsilaterally 2nd neuron: Nucleus gracilis, ascends contralateral 3rd neuron: Ventral caudal lateral nucleus (VCL) of the thalamus and goes to sensory cortex
69
Describe dorsal spinocerebral tract
1st neuron - dorsal root ganglion 2nd neuron - Clark's neuron and ascend ipsilateral and enter through caudal cerebellar peduncles, and end is cerebellum
70
Describe ventral spinocerebral tract
1st neuron - dorsal root ganglion 2nd neuron - immediately crosses contralaterally then enters rostral cerebellar peduncle and crosses contralaterally again
71
What is the clinical conscious deficit?
Knuckling
72
What is the clinical unconscious deficit?
Wide stance, wobbly, limbs swing out while moving
73
Describe the fasciculus cuneatus pathway
1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia and ascends ipsilaterally 2nd neuron - medial cuneate nucleus and crosses contralateral 3rd neuron - ventral caudal lateral nucleus and ascends to sensory cortex
74
Describe the cuneocerebellar tract
1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia and ascends ipsilateral 2nd neuron - lateral cuneate nucleus and enters cerebellar caudal peduncle
75
Describe the rostral spinocerebellar tract
1st neuron - dorsal root ganglia 2nd neuron - dorsal grey column and ascends ipsilateral and enters caudal AND rostral peduncle
76
Describe the spinal reflex arc
Monosynaptic or polysynaptic Stimuli in, stimuli out
77
Describe the spinothalamic tract
Relay of nociception 1st neuron: dorsal root ganglia 2nd neuron: dorsal grey horn axons cross contralateral 3rd neuron: within ventral caudal lateral nucleus then to sensory cortex
78
Describe the cranial reflex arc
Reflex of nociception in the head 1st neuron: trigeminal ganglion 2nd neuron: EITHER pontine sensory nucleus (mechanical) OR spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (thermo) 3rd neuron: Motor neuron of appropriate cranial nerve
79
Describe the quintothalamic tract
Relay of nociception to higher centers 1st neuron: trigeminal ganglion 2nd neuron: EITHER pontine sensory nucleus (mechanical) OR spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (thermal) ALSO they go immediately contralateral 3rd neuron: Go to the ventral caudal lateral nucleus and then to sensory cortex
80
What are Lower motor neurons?
Neurons that make muscles contract
81
What are upper motor neurons?
Neurons that regulate lower motor neurons Contained within CNS
82
What is the cortical motor system?
Pyramidal motor system Highly skilled motor activity
83
What is the non-cortical motor system?
Extrapyramidal motor system Stereotype of subconscious motor activity
84
What are the white matter structures of the upper motor system?
Corona radiata Internal capsule Crus cerebri Longitudinal fibers of the pons Pyramids Axons
85
What are the tracts of the pyramidal system?
Corticonuclear system: cranial nerves 3-7 and 9-12 from pyrimidal to brainstem Corticospinal system: from pyrimidal to spinal cord >Lateral tract corticospinal: 75% will cross at pyramidal decussation >Ventral corticospinal: 25% do not cross
86
What is the function of the cerebellum in the pyramidal motor system?
Smooth, coordinated functions
87
What way does the cerebellum send the smooth, coordinated functions (long word)
Coricopontocerebellar: Pyrimidal motor cortex to pontine nucleus for synapse at the pons. Then pass contralateral through peduncles into cerebellum
88
What is the area within the telencephalon with a large quantity of extrapyramidal motor nuclei?
Corpus striatum
89
What are the components of the lentiform nucleus? (gray matter)
Putamen nucleus Pallidum nucleus
90
What is the most important extrapyramidal center in animals?
Rubrospinal tract (in later funiculus of the spinal cord)
91
What facilitates extensor muscles of the extrapyramidal system in the metencephalon
Pontine reticulospinal tract
92
What inhibits extensor muscles of the extrapyramidal system in the meyelencephalon?
Medullary reticulospinal tract
93
What are the 3 tracts that output the extrapyramidal signals (and their location) ***
Rubrospinal tract: Mesencephalic Pontine reticulospinal: Metencephalic Medullary reticulospinal: Myelencyphalic
94
What are the GSE neurons to extrafusal fibers?
Regular skeletal muscle fiber - alpha motor neurons
95
What are the GSE neurons to intrafusal fibers?
Modified skeletal muscle fiber - Gamma motor neurons
96
What are the 3 classification groups for cranial LMN neurons?
GSE - voluntary skeletal muscle SVE - skeletal muscle of branchial arch origin GVE - cardiac, glands, smooth muscle
97
Classification of cranial nerves! SSMMBMBSBBMM
Six sexy mommy milkers brought me boobs sex butts by milking me
98
What are the 4 GSE cranial nerves and nucleus location?
III - rostral colliculus IV - caudal colliculus VI - caudal cerebellar peduncle XII - obex
99
In GSE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?
Extraocular muscles and lingual muscles
100
In SVE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?
skeletal muscle of branchial arch
101
In GVE of cranial nerves what do they innervate?
Visceral motor system, autonomic motor system
102
What are the cranial nerves of SVE plus their origin?
V - rostral cerebellar peduncle VII - between trapezoid and olive IX - nucleus ambiguus X XI
103
Important!! GVE cranial nerve nuclei and their nerves form the ________
Autonomic nervous system
104
What are the generalized targets for parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissue
105
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
To respond to external stimuli
106
What controls the autonomic nervous system?
Rostral hypothalamus - parasympathetic Caudal hypothalamus - sympathetic
107
How many neurons are used in the autonomic nervous system compared to the somatic nervous system?
2 fibers to targe vs 1 fiber to target
108
IMPORTANT!! Preganglionic sympathetic fibers are Postganglionic sympathetic fibers are Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers are
short long long short
109
What are parasympathetic nuclei of cranial nerves?
III - edinger westfal VII - lacrimal and rostral salivatory IX - Caudal salivatory X - dorsal vagal nucleus

Anatomy (26 decks)

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