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Forgotten PowerPoints Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Where is most iron in the body?

A

In RBC

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2
Q

What binds O2 in the RBC?

A

Iron

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3
Q

How is iron transported from the small intestine to the BM?

A

Using transferrin

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4
Q

What causes Iron deficiency?

A

Chronic blood loss

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5
Q

What organs is iron stored in?

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is iron stored as?

A

Ferritin
Hemosiderin

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7
Q

Where is hemosiderin found?

A

Golden brown in macrophages

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8
Q

What are causes of iron deficiency anemia? (IDA)

A

GI blood loss due to internal or external parasites
Ulcers from NSAIDs or ulcerated tumors in GI tract

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9
Q

Why is iron deficiency in nursing animals common?

A

Milk is a poor source of iron (specifically piglets)

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of microcytic, hypochromic RBCs?

A

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

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11
Q

Is IDA regenerative or nonregenerative?

A

Can be either

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12
Q

What happens to platelets in IDA?

A

Thrombocytosis
Unknown causes

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13
Q

What will extravascular hemolysis do to plasma?

A

Extravascular hemolysis will make plasma look icteric

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14
Q

What will intravascular hemolysis do to plasma?

A

It will make the plasma look red

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15
Q

What are the 3 products of RBC metabolism?

A

Globin, Iron, and heme

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16
Q

What happens to globin from RBC metabolism?

A

Globin becomes amino acids go to proteins

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17
Q

What happens to iron from RBC metabolism?

A

Transported back to tissues and stored as hemosiderin or ferritin

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18
Q

What happens to heme from RBC digestion?

A

Metabolized to unconjugated bilirubin and is carried to liver

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19
Q

How does the unconjugated bilirubin get to the liver?

A

Binds to albumin for transport (not lost in urine because it is bound to albumin)

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20
Q

Once in the liver, what happens to bilirubin?

A

Conjugated by hepatocytes and is excreted in the bile

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21
Q

What species has higher bilirubin?

A

Horses

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22
Q

Where is extravascular hemolysis undergo phagocytosis?

A

Spleen

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23
Q

What are causes of hemolytic anemia?

A

IMHA
Oxidative damage
Infection
Environmental issues

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of hemolytic anemia in dogs?

A

IMHA

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25
What animal is IMHA most common in?
Middle Aged Female Cocker Spaniel
26
What type of hemolysis does IMHA cause?
Extravascular hemolysis
27
What is a common clinical finding associated with IMHA?
Hyperbilirubenmia (icteric mucous membranes and dark urine)
28
What is PIMA
Precursor immune-mediated anemia (in bone marrow)
29
What is a test that can be used to confirm IMHA?
Coombs’ Test
30
What is oxidative damage?
Oxidative damage to RBC membrane causes eccentrocyte formation or Heinz bodies
31
What happens if there is oxidative damage to iron?
Methemoglobin (unable to carry oxygen)
32
What are causes of oxidative damage?
Plans and drugs/toxins
33
What are the zones of the adrenal gland in order?
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis (GFR)
34
What does Zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralcorticoids
35
What does Zona fasciculata produce?
Glucocorticoids
36
What does Zona reticularis produce?
Androgens
37
What does the medulla produce?
Catecholamines
38
What is the most common Mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone
39
What is the most common glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
40
What are androgens?
Sex hormone
41
What do glucocorticoids do?
Carbohydrate and protein metabolism
42
What do mineralcorticoids do?
Related to electrolyte and water metabolism
43
What is the first 2 molecules in the synthesis pathway of steroids?
Acetate > cholesterol
44
What is the least potent glucocorticoid?
Corticosterone
45
What hormone activates the adrenal cortex?
ACTH
46
What are the levels of dosing for Pred DOSING?!?
Physiologic: 0.1-0.25 mg/kg/day Anti-inflammatory: 1 mg/kg/day Immunosuppressive: 2.2 mg/kg/day
47
Which steroids have the fastest onset?
Aqueous solutions of soluble steroid esters Free steroid alcohols
48
What are some side effects of steroid use?
ALP (increased liver parameters) Diabetes Mellitus GI bleeding Sepsis Cushing or Addisons
49
What would a pituitary tumor cause?
Excess ACTH and Cushing’s Disease
50
What is the dosing of dexamethasone and what doesn’t it have?
1/7 does of pred No Mineralcorticoids activity
51
What is a big hormonal stimuli for aldosterone secretion in the Zona glomerulosa?
Angiotensin II (ATII)
52
What are the 2 main regulators of aldosterone secretion?
Angiotensin II and potassium concentration
53
High potassium and high ATII increases aldosterone secretion
54
What does aldosterone do in the kidney?
Increases NaKATPase Conserves sodium and water and excretes potassium
55
What are the 2 types of androgens?
Dehydroepiandrosterone (weak effect) Anabolic steroids (strong effect)
56
What does Catecholamines affect?
Neurotransmitters
57
What is the starting point of Catecholamines synthesis?
Tyrosine
58
What is the end point of Catecholamine synthesis?
either norepinephrine or epinephrine
59
What is the degradation product of epinephrine?
Metanephrine or normetanephrine
60
What are enzymes that metabolize catecholamines?
Catecol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) Mona mine oxidase (MAO)
61
What type of receptor does norepinephrine target?
Alpha (little beta)
62
What type of receptor does epinephrine target?
Alpha and beta equally
63
What drug causes dilation of pupils?
Norepinephrine
64
What are 2 strong stimulators of aldosterone?
Angiotensin II and hyperkalemia
65
What do catecholamines have effects on?
sympathetic nervous system
66
What is a serious adrenal medulla tumor called?
Pheochromocytoma
67
What is NNN anemia
Nonregenerative Normocytic Normochromic
68
What does NNN anemia mean?
Non regenerative Normochromic Normocytic
69
What is a specific toxin caused my hemolytic anemia?
Zinc toxicity
70
What cell shows up in zinc toxicity?
Eccentrocytes
71
What is a really common breed/sex of ITP and what it ITP?
Female cocker spaniel Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
72
How long after hemorrhage/hemolysis will it take to detect a reticulocyte response?
3-5 days
73
What type of anemia are animals treated with NSAIDs or aspirin more likely to get?
Iron deficiency anemia due to ulceration
74
Does IDA have high or low platelets?
HIGH! (Thrombocytosis)
75
What color plasma is extravascular hemolysis?
Yellow
76
What color plasma is intravascular hemolysis?
Red
77
How much conjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed?
10%
78
What type of RBC will you see with damage to RBC membrane due to oxidative damage
Eccentrocyte
79
What type of RBC will you see with oxidative damage to the hemoglobin
Heinz body
80
What forms with oxidative damage to iron in RBC?
Methemoglobin
81
What does LQM stand for?
Laboratory quality management
82
What is thrombopoiesis regulated by?
Thrombopoetin (TPO) like EPO
83
What type of tube is used for a platelet count?
Sodium citrate tube
84
What type of leukogram is really common in horses under 2?
Physiological leukogram!
85
What species does monocytosis actually happen in a stress leukogram?
Dogs (maybe not in other species)
86
What are common reasons for neutropenia?***
Endotoxins Neoplasia FeLV FIV Parvovirus Bovine viral diarrhea Drugs
87
What do GPIIb/IIIa bind to?
Fibrinogen
88
What is idiopathic congenital macrothrompocytopenia?
Megakaryocytes do a worse job producing macrothrombocytes so less platelets are produced Common in Cavalier King Charles spaniels
89
Why do NSAIDs and aspirin decrease platelet function?
Blocks thromboxane (TXAII) production. TXAII is needed for activating GPIIb/IIIa
90
What pathway does antithrombin III most inhibit
Intrinsic and common
91
What does ATIII need to bind to activate?
Heparin
92
How do you measure plasma concentrations of FDPs?
Agglutination test
93
What are reactive lymphocytes caused by?
Antigenic activation

Anatomy (26 decks)

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