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Anatomy > Review Healthy Animals > Flashcards

Review Healthy Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue extracellular matrix?

A

Protein fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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2
Q

What is the outer membrane of most organs called? What is it made of?

A

Serosa made of mesothelium

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3
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, what nourishes the cells?

A

Synovial fluid

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4
Q

How do neurons get ATP?

A

Aerobic glycolysis (yields a lot of energy but needs O2)

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5
Q

What are the 6 functions of astrocytes?

A

Metabolic support
Support neuronal transduction
Blood brain barrier
Osmotic support
CNS scaring
Scaffolding support

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of hierarchies?

A

Linear (pigs, birds)
Despotic (domestic cats)
Triangular (cows)
Complex (most species)

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7
Q

What is the juvenile period in dogs and cats?

A

3 months to 6 months
7 weeks to 5 months

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8
Q

What is the transitional phase of horses?

A

Suckling - few hours, begin following behavior

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9
Q

What is the social phase of horses?

A

3 weeks - 3 months (social play increases)

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10
Q

What is the juvenile phase of horses?

A

3m - 3-5 years

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11
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

Very useful in radiology, responsible for contrast in images

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12
Q

What is technique ratio and what is a the outcome of higher technique?

A

kVp/mAs. Higher the ratio, darker the image

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13
Q

What does DICOM stand for?

A

Digital image communication of medicine

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14
Q

What 2 muscles make up the sternocephalicus?

A

Pars occipitalis and pars mastoideus

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15
Q

When can puppies first hear and see?
When can kittens first hear and see?

A

3 weeks and 14 days
5 days and 7-14 days

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of myofilaments?

A

Actin, myosin, and titin

17
Q

What are the 2 “osteums” of bone?

A

Periosteum (can produce bone under certain conditions) and endostium.

18
Q

What do osteocytes secrete to resorb bone?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

19
Q

What are the 2 layers of the periosteum and their function?

A

Fibrous layer (vascular and nerves), osteogenic (Cambrian layer)

20
Q

What is the purpose of the periosteum?

A

Supplies osteocytes and chondrocytes, a source of growth factors, and a scaffold for proliferation of osteocytes and chondrocytes.
**during growth and development, the periosteum contributes to bone elongation and modeling and helps with bone recovery after injury

21
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Normal growth and allows repair of wear and tear

22
Q

What is bone modeling?

A

Changing of size and shape (NOT repair)

23
Q

What is osteoid

A

It’s means “like bone” and occurs during bone remodeling where osteoclasts dig away then osteoblasts form bone. For a while, this new bone is considered osteoid

24
Q

Where does membranous ossification occur?

A

At periosteal surface

25
Q

What gate the steps of membranous ossification?

A

There is a primitive mesenchyme on the periosteal surface
The mesenchymal cells differentiate to osteoblastic phenotype
Production of bone is laid on top of previous bone

26
Q

How is long bone thickened?

A

Membranous ossification

27
Q

What are the 6 steps of bone remodeling

A

Quiescence, activation of osteoclasts, resorption by osteoclasts, reversal where osteoblasts come in, formation of osteoid by osteoblasts, quiescence

28
Q

What process uses modeling?

A

Endochondral ossification

29
Q

How is cartilage formed? And what is the main type of collagen in hyaline (articular) cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes produce it and articular collagen is type II

30
Q

What cell type produces synovial fluid?

A

Type A (macrophage) and type B (fibroblast like) synoviocytes

31
Q

What channels are opened in excitation signals?

A

Sodium channels

32
Q

What channels are opened in inhibitory signals?

A

Potassium

33
Q

What 3 things are within the choroid plexus?

A

Blood vessels, tela choroidea, and plexus epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium)

34
Q

What is the CSF made of?

A

Made from blood plasma. Is nearly protein free both otherwise similar to blood plasma

35
Q

Of the sternocephalicus, which of the muscles is the more dorsal and which is the more ventral?

A

Dorsal: pars occipitalis
Ventral: pars mastoideus

Anatomy (26 decks)

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