Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
What does excessive mineralcorticoid cause?
A
Hypokalemia
2
Q
What is the physiological dose of adrenal gland thing?
A
Basal
3
Q
What is the cortisol to pred conversion?
A
2
4
Q
Why can you use steroids as anti inflammatorys?
A
Decrease WBC migration and IL-1
5
Q
Which is not a lab finding for DIC?
A
Decreased FDP and D Dimers
6
Q
What is a PIMA lab finding?
A
Rubrifagia
7
Q
What affects thiamine deficiency?
A
Cysteine and methionine
8
Q
What is created during gluconeogenesis in the liver?
A
Proprionate
9
Q
What is the most important nutrient for weight loss?
A
High protein
10
Q
What regulated Ca and P?
A
Vitamin D
11
Q
What is the highest immunoglobulin in animal colostrum?
A
IgG
12
Q
What is acid is essential in dogs and cats?
A
Linoleic acid
13
Q
What is the purpose of revaccination?
A
Duration of immunity
14
Q
What does passive immunity do?
A
Eliminates the lag phase
15
Q
Where is starch digested in ruminant?
A
Rumen
16
Q
What is the highest component in rumeniant feeds?
A
Carbs
17
Q
What would not cause diarrhea?
A
High fiber
18
Q
Which diet is least appropriate for otherwise healthy obese dog/
A
W/d diet
19
Q
What type of vaccine is giving a puppy a kitten parvo vaccine?
A
Heterologous
20
Q
What is histamine produced by?
A
Mast cells
21
Q
Which vaccine will not induce clinical disease?
A
Killed vaccine
22
Q
Which cell has phagocytic function?
A
Neutrophils
23
Q
What recognizes specific antigen?
A
B cells
24
Q
What recognizes MHC1?
A
CD8
25
What type of receptor does a helper T cell have?
CD4
26
What are you deficient in with grass tetany?
Magnesium
27
What do you give for arthritis?
Omega 3
28
What company tests amount of product against the label?
Consumerlab
29
When is it appropriate to feed a home cooked diet?
Ok for some pets
30
What is muscle loss associated with age?
Sarcopenia
31
How long do you feed large breed dogs growth food?
Until skeletal maturity
32
What animal gets anemia the easiest?
Piglets
33
How do you prevent enterotoxemia?
Vaccinate
34
Who does a pregnant animal have its highest nutritional demand?
3rd trimester
35
Cat with fever and anorexia?
TNF alpha
36
What do you do with a pet thats had a vaccine reaction?
Reconsider vaccinating
37
Who publishes vaccine guidelines?
AAHA
38
What is not a function of saliva?
Fat digestion
39
Which of the components of the female repro track derives from the paramesonephric duct?
Uterus
40
What is the dorsal opening from teh uterus to the vagina?
Internal uterine orifice
41
Exocytosis of the cortical granules into the perivitelng space following secondary binding of the sperm with the ooplasm is important because:
It causes hardening of the ZP and blocks polyspermy
42
What is patent urachus?
Median ligament of the bladder doesn’t close
43
What is the dorsal boundary of the pelvic inlet?
Promontory of the sacrum
44
What is the cranial landmark slope of the pelvis?
Tuber coxae
45
Where does the foal pass thru into the cervical?
Internal uterine orifice
46
What are the follicles shown on histo?
Primordial follicles
47
What does the arrow point to on micro villa of brush border?
Proximal tubule
48
What does the embryo embed into placenta on histo?
A (top purple part)
49
Where are Sertoli cells located?
Seminiferous tubules
50
Where is the most immature cell located?
Outer part of the semi tubules on histo
51
Which is a haploid (1n)
Spermatid
52
Midpiece on sperm diagram
53
Lactiferous sinus = gland sinus is in the body
54
What surrounds the horse urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
55
What does a boar not have?
Ampulla
56
How many sex glands does a bull have?
All 4
57
What species has a bicornuate uterus with short body and long horns?
Canine
58
Which species has CL responsible for p4 secretion throughout ENTIRE pregnancy?
Caprine
59
What species has a corkscrew penis?
Pigs
60
What muscle is actively relaxed during storage?
Detruser muscle
61
What is not reliable on dipstick?
Nitrite
62
What gives info on renal function?
Specific gravity
63
What should you do if there are crystals seen in refrigerated sample?
Collect fresh sample
64
What is the MR in the sow?
(Know) Estradiol
65
What is the MR in the cow?
Interferon tau
66
What is the MR in horse?
Unknown, embryo migrates around uterus
67
Do you insert embryo in ipsilateral horn to CL a cow?
TRUE
68
How should you impregnate a performance mare and champion stallion?
Embryo transfer
69
Copulation in queen=?
LH
70
What are the hormones stimulated by secretion of GnRH?
LH and FSH
71
What are locates that can be fertilized?
Secondary
72
Which follicle has a fully formed antrum?
Tertiary follicles
73
Is creatinine levels influenced by muscle mass?
TRUE
74
True statement about nephrons = secrete and reabsorption in tubules
75
Drug secreted by tubules will have clearance > true GFR
76
What will happed with Digoxin in dogs?
Digoxin will rise to potentially toxic levels if dog has heart and kidney failure
77
How old is a kitten with eyes closed, ears folded?
Newborn
78
How often should you feed a newborn kitten?
Every 2 hours
79
What type of placentas do horses have?
Diffuse
80
What type of placentas do canines have?
Zonary and endotheliochoria
81
What is the position of the calf in the picture?
Dorsosacral
82
What muscle is not part of the spermatic cord?
Cremaster muscle
83
9 year old castrated male German shepard diagnosis?
Zinc toxicity
84
2 year old quarterhorse for pre purchase examine?
Epinephrine response
85
Cause of increased MCHC due to zinc toxicity in German Shepard?
Intravascular hemolysis`
86
7 year old female spayed cocker spaniel diagnosis?
IMHA
87
15 year old castrated male cat diagnosis?
Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation) and stress leukogram
88
What is an indication for sampling BM?
Non circulating leukemia
89
What do polychromatophils do?
Stain more blue
90
What does LQM mean?
Pre, analytical, and post
91
Which test is done at a clinical lab?
Coagulation panel
92
What do reticulocytes have more of?
Ribosomes and RNA
93
What is not part of a CBC?
Total protein by chemistry analyzer
94
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Serum is RTT and plasma is LTT
95
What is the test to assess secondary hemostasis?
PT
96
Which tube is used for a coag test?
Sodium citrate blue top
97
What does hemophilia a show up as?
Factor VII, severe bleeding, prolonged aPTT, and normal PT
98
What is the hypercoagulability test?
Thromboelastography
99
What is the cause of ITP?
Platelet diestruction
100
What is the test of von Willebrand disease
BMBT
101
What is the M:E ratio?
Ratio of myeloid to erythroid in BM
102
What does dehydration cause?
Increased PCV and TP
103
Erythroid hypoplasia (answer to something)
104
What is the best stain for new methylene blue
Heinz bodies and reticulocytes
105
What do you use to identify regenerative anemia in horses?
Serial MCV
106
What is the variation in RBC size numerical value?
RDW
107
What is normal for lymphocytes in cattle?
Large size
108
What does oxidative damage cause?
Heinz bodies and eccentrocytes
109
What is the other organ involved in hematopoiesis?
Spleen
110
What happens to bilirubin?
Conjugated by macrophages in the spleen
111
What is the number for spontaneous bleeding?
25
112
Dog with diarrhea?
GI parasites
113
What is indicative of regenerative anemia?
Hemolysis
114
What do you see which regenerative anemia?
Increased reticulocytes, increased MCV, decreased MCHC
115
Erhlichiosis is the answer to something
116
What is the tube for CBC>
Lavender top tube
117
Where does slide go?
On stage
118
What is used for Koehler illumination?
Condenser knob
119
Myelosuppression from estrogen =?
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
120
How to confirm thrombocytopenia?
Blood smear
121
CKD with congenital anemia and low platelet?
MPV
122
What is the correct AAFCO label?
The one that says “light”
123
Which is not the AAFCO label?
The one with the adult cat
124
During of oogenesis, the locate undergo two meiotic arrests. What causes the resumption of meiosis in each arrest, respectively?
LH surge, fertilization
125
Which stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by follicular development?
Proestrus
126
The ovarian structure that forms immediately after ovulation is known as a
Corpus hemorrhagicum
127
Which of the following components of the female reproductive tract derived from the paramesonephric duct?
Uterus
128
Which of the following is NOT important for continence?
Position of the kidneys
129
What nerve is in the dorsal part of sacrosciatic ligament?
Caudal gluteal
130
What will a nerve block in the transverse process of L2 block?
L1
131
What is the correctly labeled thing on teh glomeruli diagram?
Podocytes
132
What is true about the JG apparatus?
JG cells secrete renin in response to macula densa
133
What did the ductus deferents and epididymis originate from?
Mesonephric duct
134
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm storage
135
What is responsible for male external genitalia?
SRY
136
What differentiates morula and an early blastocyte?
Presence of blastocoele
137
What is the earliest stage?
Zygote
138
What do ovine caruncles look like?
Rounded, cup-like
139
What is not prat of the Lochia?
Fetal membranes
140
What is not part of the female breeding soundness exam?
Ovarian biopsy
141
What are the two uterine arteries?
Ovarian and vaginal
142
What is the sympathetic nerve of the pelvic plexus?
Hypogastric
143
What containers the testicular artery, nerve, lymph
Mesorchium
144
What attaches ovary to uterine horn?
Proper ligament of ovary
145
Increased fetal cortisol decreases progesterone which increases estradiol and prostaglandin
146
Longest period to complete involution?
Canine
147
What is hymen between?
Vagina and vestibule
148
What nerve is responsible for employing bladder?
Pelvic nerve
149
What separates areas of the udder?
Medial laminae
150
What drains kidney poles in horse?
Terminal recess
151
What has minor calyx?
Bulls
152
Which species has an ovulation fossa?
Horses
153
HCO3 secreted by intercalated type B cells
154
Increase urine phosphorus after eating high phosphorus diet because kidney will excrete excess
155
What is the significance of the sub urethra diverticulum?
Catheter tip gets stuck
156
What happens before the LH surge?
Estradiol
157
Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tube
158
More follicles for ovulation than will actually ovulate
159
What is free martinis caused by?
Mixing male and female blood
160
What do you cut through during castration?
Cut thru parietal vaginal tunic
161
Simple squamous epithelium of thin loop of Henle
162
What lymph node drains testis?
Medial iliac
163
What is the trigone?
Ureters
164
What is between bladder and uterus?
Vesicogenital pouch
165
What is orientation of cow testis?
Vertical
166
Mr Clampett goat worm?
Normal urethral process
167
Blood enters glomerulus via afferent arteriole (T/F)?
True
168
How is B12 absorbed?
In the ileum, bound to IF from pancreas
169
Where is gherlin released and what is its target?
Stomach
Hypothalamus
170
What increases LES tone?
Cisapride
171
What is a cat’s esophagus like?
Skeletal prox 2/3 and smooth distal 1/3
172
Where is the gallbladder located?
Right medial lobe and quadrate lobe
173
What is distinguishing feature of duodenum?
Brunners glands
174
Where are crypts on histo?
At bottom
175
What is the histo of the ruminant?
Omasum
176
What do serous cells secrete?
Digestive enzymes
177
Why are horses at risk of stomach ulcers?
Horses secrete acid continuously
178
What groove secrete ventral and dorsal sacs?
Longitudinal
179
What is the cranial border of equine paralumbar fossa?
Rib 18
180
Which rad shows left lateral?
A
181
What is descending duodenum from?
Foregut and midgut
182
Where does ruminant GI change directions?
At central flexor
183
Where does large intestine narrow?
Pelvic flexor
184
What is the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1
185
What is the parasympathetic innervate on to foregut and midget?
Vagus nerve
186
What is part of fat metabolism?
Cholesterol synthesis
187
What are 3 phases of swallowing?
Oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastroesophageal
188
What surrounds and covers deep inguinal ring?
Vaginal ring
189
Why can’t horses vomit?
Angle to cardia + thick muscle
190
Brush border enzyme in horse?
Lactase
191
What is the liver specific enzyme in horses?
SDH
192
When should you recheck dog BW?
1-2 weeks
193
Hemolysis = unconjugated bilirubin makes up large fraction
194
What do you see after a high protein meal?
Increased ammonia and decreased urea
195
What is not responsible for prolonged clotting time?
Blood loss
196
Dog seizure bloodwork?
Increased CK = muscle injury
197
Which are not a gut microbe?
Plasmid
198
What is the micro biome?
Microbes in/on host
199
Dogs and cats have distinct microbial communities at different placed in the body
200
Lots of widespread clinical signs of liver disease
201
What is vitamin K required for?
Clotting factors
202
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells are leaky
203
What stimulates uremia?
CRTZ
204
Difference between vomit and regurgitation?
Abdominal retching
205
Gastric -> Endocrine
206
What are the pre-epithelial defenses?
Mucus and bicarb
207
What’s the outermost layer shown on histo?
Serosa
208
Where is the epiploic foramen?
Right side
Cranial vena cava = dorsal
Portal v = ventral
209
Where is root of mesentary?
L2
210
Where is cat cecum palpable?
L4
211
What is anatomically modified in horses, swine, and bovine?
Ascending colon
212
What is ileum to ascending colon in dog?
Ileocolic orifice
213
What is ileum to ascending in horse?
Ileocecal orifice
214
What’s not true about bile salts?
Enhance p450 function
215
What is the flat histo pic?
Large intestine
216
What is the largest part in GI in bovine neonate? Adult?
Abomasum
Rumen
217
Where is stomach located?
Left 9-15 high
218
What grinds food in birds?
Ventriculus
219
What is the function of proventriculus?
Starts digestion
220
What is the avian cloaca?
Junction of GI and urinary tract
221
What is the dorsal border of epiploic foramen?
Caudal Vena cava
222
What can be fully exteriorized in dog celiotomy?
Spleen
223
What is first thing seen at equine ventral midline incision?
Cecum
224
Where is a ventral midline incision made?
Linea alba
225
What is the vascular supply to the foregut?
Celiac
226
What is teh fixed part of stomach that secrete mucus?
Cardia
227
Which species has a fully glandular stomach
Cat
228
What is the surgical significance of the ileocecal fold?
Terminal part of ileum
229
Where does bile flow?
Away from central vein
230
What feeds lesser curvature of stomach?
Right and left gastric
231
What is ruminant energy from?
VFAs
232
30-50% of energy comes from microbes in hind gut of horse
233
Histo arrow points toward sinusoids
234
If middle colic is cut, what supplies colon?
Right and left colic artery
235
What supplies the portal vein?
Gastroduodenal, splenic, cranial and caudal mesenteric
236
What zone is susceptible to ischemic injury?
Zone 3
237
What cells do not secrete bicarb?
Acinar cells
238
What do zymogen granules contain?
Enzymes and pro enzymes
239
What is teh histo arrow to purple cells?
Chief cells, pepsinogen
240
What does not increase gastric acid secretion?
Somatostatin
241
What causes hypersalivation?
Parasympathetic stimulus
242
How to induce vomiting in dogs?
D2 receptors in CRTZ
243
What decreases GI motility?
Opioids
244
Enteric NS = myenteric plexus controls motility, submucosal controls secretion
245
Where does the glandular stomach meet the non glandular stomach?
Margo plicatus
246
What is not a function of the exocrine pancreas?
Insulin and glucagon
247
What is the purpose of the rumen?
Stratified squamous epithelium in rumen and microbe fermentation
248
How is the LVC distinguished from the LDC?
LDC is smooth, LVC sacs and bands
249
What will not increase insulin?
Decrease amino acids
250
Foregut fermentation does not increase bioavailability of pharmaceuticals
251
Gastrosplenic ligament
252
What do not store metals?
Stellate cells
253
What is the function of hepatomata’s?
Metabolism and biotransformation
