Blood Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
The only fluid tissue in the human body
A
Blood
2
Q
Blood is Classified as a ___________ tissue
A
connective
3
Q
the Components of blood are the following
A
Living cells
Non-living matrix
4
Q
Living cells in the blood are made up of
A
Formed elements
5
Q
Non-living matrix in the blood are made up of
A
Plasma
6
Q
Plasma is ___% of the blood
A
55%
7
Q
90% of the plasma is made up of
A
Water
8
Q
This constituent’s function in the blood is to become the solvent for carrying other substances and absorbs heat
A
Water
9
Q
The salts or electrolytes seen in the blood are the following:
A
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
10
Q
The salt in the blood is also known as an
A
electrolyte
11
Q
This constituent’s use in the blood is osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of permeability
A
Salts (Electrolytes)
12
Q
Examples of Plasma proteins in the blood are the following
A
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
13
Q
This plasma protein of the blood has something to do with the osmotic balance and pH buffering
A
Albumin
14
Q
This plasma protein of the blood is involved in clotting of blood
A
Fibrinogen
15
Q
This plasma protein of the blood is involved in the defence (antibodies) and lipid transplant
A
Globulins
16
Q
The substances that are transported by the blood are the following
A
Nutrients
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases
Hormones
17
Q
Nutrients that are transported by the blood are the following
A
Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Vitamins
18
Q
the two waste products of metabolism are
A
Urea
Uric acid
19
Q
The two respiratory gases are
A
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
20
Q
The formed elements (cells) are ___% of the blood
A
45%
21
Q
Erythrocytes are also known as
A
Red Blood cells
22
Q
Leukocytes are also known as the
A
White blood cells
23
Q
Thrombocytes are also known as the
A
Platelets
24
Q
RBC’s are up to __-__ _______ per mm3 of blood
A
4-6 million
25
This cell type transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules and help transport CO2
RBC's / Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
26
There are five kinds of leukocytes which are the following
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
27
WBC's are up t0 _______ -_________ per mm3 of blood
5000 - 11,000
28
This cell type functions as defense and immunity
WBC's / White blood cells
Leukocytes
29
This cell type is needed for blood clotting.
Platelets / Thrombocytes
30
Platelets are up to ________ -_________ per mm3 of blood
250,000 - 500,000
31
Color of Oxygen-rich blood is
scarlet red
32
Color of Oxygen-poor blood
dull red
33
pH od blood must remain between
7.35–7.45
34
Blood is slightly
basic
35
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature at
100.4°F (38 Celsius)
36
In a healthy man, blood volume is about __-__ liters or about __ quarts
5–6 liters , 6 quarts
37
Blood makes up __ % of body weight
8%
38
Blood plasma Includes many dissolved substances such as
Nutrients
Salts (electrolytes)
Respiratory gases
Hormones
Plasma proteins
Waste products
39
Most abundant solutes in plasma
Plasma proteins
40
Most plasma proteins are made by
liver
41
This plasma protein regulates osmotic pressure
Albumin
42
this plasma protein help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
43
This plasma protein help protect the body from pathogens
Antibodies
44
Blood becomes too acidic
Acidosis
45
Blood becomes too basic
Alkalosis
46
In each scenario, the __________ system and ________ help restore blood pH to normal
respiratory, kidneys
47
Formed cells are consists of the following
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Cell fragments
48
An anucleate salmon-colored biconcave disks cells that are literally the sacs of hemoglobin. This is where most organelles are ejected
Red blood cells
49
There are three types of granulocytes which are the
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
50
Neutrophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC's
40-70%
51
Neutrophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
3000-7000
52
This Granulocytes are active phagocytes. Their number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
53
The number of Neutrophils increases rapidly during ______-_____ or _______ ________
Short-term or acute infections
54
This WBC's have cytoplasm that is stained pale pink and contains fine granules which are difficult to see. The deep purple nucleus is consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Neutrophils
55
Eosinophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC's
1-4%
56
Basophils consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC's
0-1%
57
Eosinophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
100-400
58
Basophils are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
20-50
59
granulocyte that has a red coarse cytoplasmic granules that has a figure-eight or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
Eosinophils
60
This granulocyte has a cytoplasm that has few large blue-purple granules. It has a U or S shaped nucleus with constrictions and dark blue stains
Basophils
61
This granulocyte kills parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes. It increases during allergy attacks and might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactive some inflammatory chemicals
Eosinophils
62
A vasodilator chemical
Histamine
63
This granulocytes releases histamine at sites of inflammation and contains heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
64
An anticoagulant constituent in Basophils
Heparin
65
Main function is to carry oxygen
Erythrocytes
66
Anatomy of circulating __________
- Biconcave disks
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Anucleate (no nucleus)
- Contain very few organelles
erythrocytes
67
there are __ ________ RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
5 million
68
An Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Hemoglobin
69
Each hemoglobin molecule has ______ ________ binding sites
four oxygen
70
Each erythrocyte has ____ ________ hemoglobin molecules
250 million
71
Normal blood contains ___-____ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood
12–18 g
72
is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Anemia
73
results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia (SCA)
74
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Polycythemia
75
Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs are the following
Anemia
Sickle CEll anemia
Polycythemia
76
Lymphocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC's
20-45%
77
Monocytes consist of ___ - ___ % of WBC's
4-8%
78
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles and is Crucial in the body’s defense against disease which Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs)
79
Lymphocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
1500 - 3000
80
Monocytes are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
100-700
81
Platelets are _____ -_____ per mm3 of the blood
150,000 - 500,0000
82
This is a part of the immune system where one group produces antibodies while the other group involves in a graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
Lymphocytes
83
There are two types of lymphocytes which are
B Lymphocytes
T Lymphocytes
84
This Lymphocyte produces antibodies
B Lymphocytes
85
This lymphocyte is involved in graft rejection which fight tumors and viruses via direct cell attack
T Lymphocytes
86
This type of agranulocyte is an active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues which is also known as the "clean-up team";
It increases in number during chronic infections like tuberculosis
Monocyte
87
Agranulocytes; abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped
Monocytes
88
Agranulocytes; cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical dark purple-blue nucleus
Lymphocyte
89
Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple
Platelets
90
Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area; help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels
Platelets
91
WBC's are Able to move into and out of blood vessels. This term is called
diapedesis
92
WBC's Can move by __________ motion
Ameboid
93
This condition is where WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 and
Generally indicates an infection
Leukocytosis
94
This condition is where there is Abnormally low leukocyte level which is Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
Leukopenia
95
This condition is where Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC
Leukemia
96
There are 2 Types of leukocytes which are
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
97
This leukocytes has Granules in their cytoplasm which can be stained. It Possess lobed nuclei and it Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes
98
This leukocyte Lack visible cytoplasmic granules. Their Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes
99
List of the WBCs from most to least abundant
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
100
All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell which is the
Hemocytoblast stem cells
101
Hemocytoblast stem cells can form two types of stem cells which are
Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
102
Every formed elements of the blood is formed from Myeloid stem cells except
Lymphocytes
103
This type of granulocyte has a Multilobed nucleus with fine granules and Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Neutrophils
104
This type of granulocyte has a Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules that is Found in response to allergies and parasitic worm
Eosinophils
105
This type of granulocyte Have histamine-containing granules and Initiate inflammation
Basophils
106
This type of agranulocyte has its Nucleus fills most of the cell and Play an important role in the immune response
Lymphocytes
107
This type of agranulocyte is the Largest of the white blood cells. It Function as macrophages and is important in fighting chronic infection
Monocytes
108
the specific Normal platelet count =
300,000/mm3
109
This formed elements is Needed for the clotting process
Platelets
110
Platelets are Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells. This term is called
megakaryocytes
111
This refers to Blood cell formation which Occurs in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
112
In the formation of ______________, it is Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Erythrocytes
113
RBC's Wear out in _____ to _____ days
100 to 120
114
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by ____________
phagocytes
115
______ cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
Lost
116
When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the
Spleen or Liver
117
The Rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called
erythropoietin
118
This organ produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood
Kidneys
119
Homeostasis is maintained by __________ _________ from blood oxygen levels
negative feedback
120
a tightly-regulated and complex process originating in the bone marrow from a multipotent stem cell and terminating in a mature, enucleated erythrocyte
Erythropoiesis
121
This hormone stimulates production of platelets
Thrombopoietin
122
These hormones prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) interleukins
123
This refers to the Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis
124
Hemostasis involves three phases
Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)
125
The first step of Hemostasis. This is where Vasoconstriction happens which causes blood vessel to spasm.
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss
Vascular spasms
126
It causes blood vessel to spasm
Vasoconstriction
127
Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing
blood loss
128
The second step of Hemostasis. It is where Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel. The Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
Platelet plug formation
129
_________ ______ are exposed by a break in a blood vessel
Collagen fibers
130
In the Platelet plug formation, Platelets become "_________” and cling to fibers
sticky
131
It release chemicals to attract more platelets
Anchored platelets
132
Platelets pile up to form a
platelet plug
133
Injury to lining of vessel exposes
collagen fibers; platelets adhere
Platelet Plug Formation
134
It release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site and make nearby
platelets sticky
Platelets
135
Coagulation involve five clotting factors which are
tissue factor (TF)
PF3 (a phospholipid)
calcium ions
blood protein clotting factors
Prothrombin activator
136
1st Phase of coagulation
Formation of prothrombin activator
137
Phases of coagulation is also knwon as
(clotting cascade)
138
After the formation of prothrombin
activator, it then forms into
Prothrombin
139
After Prothrombin, it forms again into a
Thrombin
140
Thrombin the forms into a soluble substance which is
Fibrinogen
141
Fibrinogen, a soluble substance, is then formed into an insoluble substance called
Fibrin
142
Injured tissues release
tissue factor (TF)
143
This phospholipid interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions
PF3
144
PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with TF, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
clotting cascade
145
converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)
Prothrombin activator
146
Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like molecules of insoluble
fibrin
147
Fibrin forms a ___________, the basis for a clot
meshwork
148
Blood usually clots within __ to __ Minutes
3 to 6 minutes
149
The clot remains as ___________ regenerates
endothelium
150
The clot is broken down after tissue _______
repair
151
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel which Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Thrombus
152
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream which Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus
153
It is Platelet deficiency. Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
Thrombocytopenia
154
A Hereditary bleeding disorder which
Normal clotting factors are missing
Hemophilia
155
Large losses of blood have serious consequences. Loss of 15–30% causes
weakness
156
Loss of over 30% causes ________, which can be fatal
shock
157
are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfusions
158
Transfused blood must be of the same _________ group
blood
159
Blood contains genetically determined proteins which are called
Antigens
160
a substance the body recognizes as foreign
Antigens
161
Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the
immune system
162
are the “recognizers" of a foreign substance
Antibodies
163
Blood is “typed” by using
antibodies
164
antibodies cause blood with certain proteins to clump. This refers to
agglutination
165
There are over ___ common red blood cell antigens
30
166
The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ______ & ____ blood group antigens
ABO and Rh
167
Blood groups are Based on the presence or absence of two antigens which are
Type A
Type B
168
The lack of A and B antigens on the blood is called
type O
169
The presence of both antigens A and B is called
type AB
170
The presence of antigen A is called
type A
171
The presence of antigen B is called
type B
172
This blood type can receive A, B, AB, and O blood. This makes it a Universal recipient
Blood type AB
173
This blood type can receive B and O blood
Blood type B
174
This blood type can receive A and O blood
Blood type A
175
This blood type can receive O blood. It is also known as the universal donor
Blood type O
176
Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens
Rh Blood Groups
177
Rh Blood Groups was originally defined or determined by the use of these species blood
Rhesus monkeys
178
Most Americans are
Rh+ (Rh positive)
179
Rh antigens are also known as
Rhesus antigens
180
Rh blood group contains the ____ antigen. Having this antigen on the red cell gives you the positive (+) and lacking it gives you the negative (-)
D
181
This antigen is the most immunogenic, meaning it provokes an immune response that makes it most likely to cause a transfusion reaction in the recipient.
Antigen D
182
Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with
Rh– (Rh negative) blood
183
This shot can can prevent buildup of
anti-Rh+ antibodies in mother’s blood
RhoGAM shot
184
Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the
Rh+ factor
185
The first pregnancy usually proceeds without problems but The immune system is sensitized after the first pregnancy. In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood which causes this disease to the newborn
hemolytic disease
186
These organs are early sites of blood cell formation
fetal liver and spleen
187
Bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by the
seventh month
188
It differs from hemoglobin produced after birth
Fetal hemoglobin
189
Results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
Physiologic jaundice
190
testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Cross matching
191
In blood typing, Blood samples are mixed with
anti-A and anti-B serum
192
indicates that the test cells are D positive
Agglutination
193
No agglutination indicates that the test cells are
D negative.
194
Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining
blood type
