Endocrine System part 1 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Second-messenger system of the body which Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
The chemical messengers that are released into the blood are
A
Hormones
3
Q
Hormones control several major processes such as
A
Growth and development
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of metabolism
Reproduction
4
Q
Hormones are produced by
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specialized cells
5
Q
Cells secrete hormones into
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extracellular fluids
6
Q
Blood transfers hormones to
A
target sites
7
Q
regulate the activity of other cells
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hormones
8
Q
Hormones are classified chemically as
A
Amino acid
Steroids
Prostaglandins
9
Q
Amino acid–based hormones includes
A
Proteins
Peptides
Amines
10
Q
Hormones made from cholesterol
A
Steroids
11
Q
Hormones made from highly active lipids
A
Prostaglandins
12
Q
Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs which are called
A
target cells or target organs
13
Q
They must have specific protein receptors
A
Target cells
14
Q
It alters cellular activity
A
Hormone-binding
15
Q
Effects Caused by Hormones
A
Activation or inactivation of enzymes
Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
Promotion of secretory activity
Stimulation of mitosis
Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
16
Q
Two mechanisms in which hormones act
A
Direct gene activation
Second-messenger system
17
Q
It Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells which Enter the nucleus. Then it Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
and to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
which Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
A
Direct Gene Activation
(Steroid Hormone Action)
18
Q
Another term for Direct Gene Activation
A
(Steroid Hormone Action)
19
Q
Second-Messenger System is also known as
A
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
20
Q
The Hormone binds to a membrane receptor which it does not enter the cell. This Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
A
Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
21
Q
It Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second-messenger molecule that
Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response
A
Second-Messenger System
(Nonsteroid Hormone Action)
22
Q
The binding of the non-steroid hormone triggers an enzyme inside the cell membrane. The enzyme activates another molecule, called the
A
Second Messenger
23
Q
In the Steroid Hormone Action, This binding initiates the transcription of specific genes to
A
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
24
Q
In the Steroid Hormone Action, Once inside, it binds to a steroid receptor protein and forms a
A
hormone-receptor complex.
25
In the Steroid Hormone Action, mRNA moves into it which directs protein synthesis.
cytoplasm
26
In the non-steroid hormone action, One common secondary messenger is ______, which is produced from ATP.
cAMP (cyclic AMP)
27
cAMP (cyclic AMP), which is produced from
ATP
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cAMP means
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Other secondary messengers include
calcium ions
nucleotides
fatty acids
30
It is the first messenger in the non-steroid hormone action
Nonsteroid Hormone
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The second messenger effects the cellular formation such as
Glycogen Breakdown
32
The pineal gland or body produces the hormone
Melatonin
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Melatonin is an ______ hormone type
Amine
34
It is involved in biological rhythms and regulates the light/dark cycles
Melatonin
35
Melatonin is produced by the
Pineal Gland
36
Hypothalamus produces hormones that is released from the
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
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This side of the pituitary lobe releases hormones made by the hypothalamus
Posterior lobe
38
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
39
Oxytocin is a _________ hormone
Peptide
40
It stimulates contraction of the uterus and the milk "let-down" reflex
Oxytocin
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Oxytocin is regulated by this system in response to uterine stretching and suckling of the baby
Nervous system
42
ADH is a _________ Hormone
Peptide
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This hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys
Antidiuretic Hormone ADH
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The ADH is regulated by this part of the brain in response to water or salt imnbalance
Hypothalamus
45
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases these hormones
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
46
Every hormone released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland are _______ hormone type
Protein
47
This hormone Stimulates growth especially on the bones and muscles and metabolism
Growth Hormone (GH)
48
This hormone stimulates milk production
Prolactin (PRL)
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This hormone stimulates ovaries and testes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
50
This hormone stimulates production of ova and sperm
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
51
This hormone stimulates the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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This hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
53
Prolactin (PRL), Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are regulated by the
Hypothalamic hormones
54
Growth hormone is regulated by the
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is regulated by the
Thyroxing in the blood and the hypothalamic hormones
56
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is regulated by the
Glucocorticoids and the hypothalalamic hormones
57
The thyroid gland produces the
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
58
These hormones stimulate metabolism
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
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Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are regulated by the
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
60
Calcitonin is produced by the
Thyroid Gland
61
Calcitonin is a _______ hormone type
peptide
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This hormone reduces blood calcium level
CAlcitonin
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Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone is regulated by the
Calcium level in the blood
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This hormone raises blood calcium level
Parathyroid hormone PTH
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PTH is produced by the
Parathyroid gland
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PTH is a ______ hormone type
peptide
67
Thymus gland produced the
Thymosin
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Thymosin is a ________ hormone type
Peptide
69
This hormones programs T-lymphocytes but it is unknown who regulates this hormone
Thymosin
70
The two adrenal glands are
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal Cortex
71
Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine are produced by the
Adrenal medulla
72
These hormones raise blood glucose levels, increase metabolism rate, and constrict certain blood vessels
Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine
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Epinephrine and Non-epinephrine is regulated by the
NErvous system, sympathetic division
74
Adrenal cortex produces these hormones
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
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Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids are ___________ Hormone type
Steroids
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This hormone increases blood glucose and is regulated by the Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
Glucocorticoids
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It promotes reabsorption of Sodium and excretion of potassium in the kidneys
Mineralocorticoids
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Mineralocorticoid is regulate by the changes in ________ ________ or _______ _________, and the K+ or Na+ levels in the blood
Blood volume or Blood pressure
79
The pancreas produces these hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
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Insulin and Glucagon are _____ hormone types
Protein
81
this hormone reduces blood sugar and is regulated by the glucose level in blood
insulin
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This hormone raises blood glucose and is regulated by the glucose level in blood
Glucagon
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Testes produces
Androgens
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Ovaries produces
Estrogen
Progesterone
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Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are __________ hormone type
Steroid
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Androgens, Estrogens, and Progesterone are regulated by these hormones
FSH
LH
87
This hormone supports sperm formation, development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
Androgens
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This hormone stimulate uterine lining growth, development and maintenance of female second sex characterisitcs
Estrogen
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This hormone promotes the growth of the uterine lining
Progestrerone
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Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by
negative feedback
91
levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone
stimulus or low hormone
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Hormone release stops once an ______________ ______ in the blood is reached
appropriate level
93
This is the Most common stimuli. The Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
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Examples of Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
Anterior pituitary hormones
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This stimuli is the Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release
Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
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indicates various body fluids such as blood and bile
Humoral
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Examples of Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine Glands are
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
98
This stimuli are the Nerve impulses that stimulate hormone release Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system
Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands
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Most neural stimuli are under the control of the
sympathetic nervous system
100
Examples include the release of ____________ & ___________ in the adrenal medulla
norepinephrine and epinephrine
101
Gonads are the
Ovaries and Testes
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Parathyroid glands are on the ________ aspect of the thyroid gland
dorsal
103
Pituitary Gland is in a size of a
pea
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It Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain and is Often called the “master endocrine gland”
Pituitary Gland
105
Pituitary Gland is protected by the
Sphenoid bone
106
Pituitary Gland Has two functional lobes
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
107
The pituitary lobe that is the glandular lobe
Anterior pituitary
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The pituitary lobe that is the nervous tissue
Posterior pituitary
109
There are Six anterior pituitary hormones. the Two affect non-endocrine targets which are
Growth hormone
Prolactin
110
Four stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Two gonadotropic hormones
111
These hormones stimulate other endocrine glands
Tropic hormones
112
gonadotropic hormones are
FSH
LH
113
Characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones
They are either are Proteins (or peptides) and Act through second-messenger systems. They are regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback
114
General metabolic hormone that Plays a role in determining final body size
Growth hormone
115
The growth hormone's Major effects are directed to growth of __________ muscles and _____ bones
skeletal, long
116
the GH Causes amino acids to be built into
Proteins
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results from hyposecretion of GH during childhood
Pituitary dwarfism
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results from hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Gigantism
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results from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
120
Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth but Function in males is unknown
Prolactin (PRL)
121
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
122
Influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
123
Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
Gonadotropic hormones
124
It Stimulates follicle development in ovaries and Stimulates sperm development in testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
125
I Triggers ovulation of an egg in females and Stimulates testosterone production in males
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
126
Hormonal release is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the
hypothalamus
127
Hypothalamus produces two hormones. These hormones are transported to neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone
128
is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones
posterior pituitary
129
It Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeeding and Causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
Oxytocin
130
Inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
131
In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to
increased blood pressure
132
ADH is also known as
Vasopressin
133
This is where posterior lobe hormones go to exit the lobe
Venous drainage
134
Oxytocin stimulates the
Mammary glands
Uterine Muscles
135
Vasopressin stimulates the
Lidney tubules
