Blood

Question 1

What is the study of blood?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Answer 1

Hematology

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Question 2

What are three general functions of blood?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Answer 2

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Question 3

What delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to every cell in the body?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Answer 3

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Question 4

What picks up cell waste material, delivering it to organs that eliminate it from the body?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Answer 4

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Question 5

What is used as a vehicle for nutrient, ion, and hormone movement throughout the body?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Answer 5

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 286)

Question 6

What participates in fluid and electrolyte balance regulation, acid–base balance, and body temperature?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 6

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 7

What helps protect the body from infection?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 7

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 8

What contains clotting factors, which help protect the body from excessive blood loss?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 8

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 9

Which connective tissue contains blood cells dispersed within a liquid intercellular matrix?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 9

Blood

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 10

What causes the difference in blood colour?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 10

Oxygen (O2)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 11

What colour is well-oxygenated blood?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 11

Red

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 12

What colour is oxygen (O2)-poor blood?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 12

Blue

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 13

The average adult has ___ to ___ L of blood.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 13

4
6

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 14

Which blood characteristic is normal at 7.35 to 7.45?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 14

pH

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 15

What refers to blood thickness and affects the ease with which blood flows through blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 15

Viscosity

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 16

What is best demonstrated by comparing the flow of water and molasses?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 16

Viscosity

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 17

Blood is normally three to five times more ___ than water.

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 17

viscous

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 18

What are the two blood components?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 18

Plasma

Formed Elements (Blood Cells and Cell Fragments)

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 19

Which component is a pale-yellow fluid composed mostly of water?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 19

Plasma

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 20

Which component contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, and waste?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 20

Plasma

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 21

What consists of albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 21

Plasma Proteins

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 22

What helps to regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens, and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 22

Plasma Proteins

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 23

What is plasma without clotting proteins?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 23

Serum

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 24

What are the three blood cells (cell fragments)?

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 24

Red Blood Cells (RBC)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets

(Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 25

What are red blood cells (RBCs) called? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 25

Erythrocytes | Eythro, meaning “red”. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 26

Which cell is primarily involved in oxygen (O2) transport to all body tissues? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 26

Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 27

What are white blood cells (WBC) called? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 27

Leukocytes | Leuko, meaning "white". ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 28

Which cells protect the body from infection? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 28

White Blood Cells (WBC) | Leukocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 29

What are platelets called? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 29

Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 30

Which cells protect the body from bleeding? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 30

Platelets | Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 31

The two blood parts can be observed in a test tube. If a blood sample is collected in a tube and spun in a centrifuge, two phases appear: the heavier ___ ___ appear at the bottom of the tube; the lighter ___ accumulates at the top. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 31

blood cells plasma ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 32

Which test is the separation of blood into two phases? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 32

Hematocrit (Hct) | Packed Cell Volume ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 33

What test determines the blood cell percentage in a blood sample? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 33

Hematocrit (Hct) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 34

A blood sample is normally composed of ___% blood cells and ___% plasma. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 34

45 55 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 35

Of which blood cell is the hematocrit (Hct) blood cell component mainly composed? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 35

Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 36

What is the small layer of cells between the plasma and the red blood cells (RBC) in a hematocrit (Hct)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 36

Buffy Coat ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 37

Which hematocrit (Hct) component consists of white blood cells (WBC) and platelets? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 37

Buffy Coat ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 38

What is a hematocrit (Hct) generally interpreted by because the buffy coat is so thin? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 38

Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 39

What is a person with a low hematocrit (Hct) [lower number of red blood cells (RBC) than normal] considered? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 39

Anemic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 40

What does any change in blood volume affect? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 40

Hematocrit (Hct) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 41

When a dehydrated patient has a diminished blood volume, the ratio of red blood cells (RBC) to blood volume (decreases/increases). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Answer 41

increases ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287)

Question 42

Elevated hematocrit (Hct) represents not an increase in red blood cells (RBC), but a decrease in __ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287, 288)

Answer 42

blood volume ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 287, 288)

Question 43

What does expanded blood volume, as occurs in heart failure, decrease? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 43

Hematocrit (Hct) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 44

A lowered hematocrit (Hct) represents not a decrease in red blood cells (RBC), but an increase in ___ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 44

blood volume ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 45

Which anemia does expanded blood volume cause? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 45

Dilutional ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 46

Hematocrit (Hct) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 46

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 47

What is the blood cell formation process? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 47

Hemopoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 48

In which tissue are red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets made? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 48

Hemopoietic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 49

What are the two hemopoietic tissue types in the adult? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 49

Red Bone Marrow Lymphatic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 50

What is red bone marrow blood formation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 50

Myeloid Hemopoiesis | Myeloid comes from the Greek word meaning “bone marrow.” ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 51

What is lymphatic tissue blood formation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 51

Lymphoid Hemopoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 52

DELETE DUPLICATE What is lymphatic tissue blood formation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 52

DELETE DUPLICATE Lymphatic Hemopoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 53

What is found primarily in long bone end's, such as the femur, and in flat and irregular bones, such as the sternum, cranial bones, vertebrae, and bones of the pelvis? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 53

Red Bone Marrow ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 54

Where are all three blood cell types produced? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 54

Red Bone Marrow ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 55

Which cell, in red bone barrow, produces all three blood cell types? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 55

Stem ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 56

Which cell differentiates into a red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), or platelet under specific growth factor influences? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 56

Stem ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 57

What two blood cells originate in bone marrow? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 57

Lymphocytes Monocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 58

In which tissue do some lymphocytes mature and reproduce? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 58

Lymphatic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 59

What large blood cell breaks up into tiny cell fragments called platelets or thrombocytes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 59

Megakaryocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 60

What is bone marrow depression? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 60

Myelosuppression ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 61

What leads to a severe red blood cell (RBC) deficiency, causing a serious form of anemia called aplastic anemia? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 61

Myelosuppression ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 62

What causes a white blood cell (WBC) (leukocyte) deficiency called leukopenia? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 62

Myelosuppression ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 63

Which myelosupressive condition may cause a person to be more prone to infection and to die from a common cold? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 63

Leukopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 64

Which myelosuppresive condition leads to inadequate platelet production numbers? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 64

Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 65

Which myelosupressive condition may cause risk for bleeding or hemorrhage? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 65

Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 66

What do many drugs, especially cytotoxic cancer drugs, radiation, and a variety of diseases cause? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 66

Myelosuppression ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 67

What is hyperactive bone marrow or overactivity and excess blood cell production? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 67

Polycythemia Vera ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 68

What causes thickened blood (increased viscosity) that burdens the heart, overwhelms the clotting system, and produces a beet-red, ruddy face? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Answer 68

Polycythemia Vera ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 288)

Question 69

What are the most numerous blood cells at 4.5 - 6.0 million in 1 μL (microliter) of blood and a production rate of several million per second? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 69

Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 70

What is red blood cell (RBC) production? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 70

Erythropoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 71

Which blood cells are primarily concerned with oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) transport? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 71

Red Blood Cells (RBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 72

Into which cells do stem cells within red bone marrow differentiate? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 72

Proerythroblast ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 73

Into which cell does a proerythroblast eventually mature? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 73

Red Blood Cell (RBC) | Erythrocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 74

What is an immature red blood cell (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 74

Reticulocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 75

What develops into mature red blood cells (RBC) within 48 hours of release into the blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 75

Reticulocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 76

Which blood cell count is normally very small (0.5% to 1.5%)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 76

Reticulocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 77

Which red blood cell (RBC) may indicate blood loss or an iron-deficient state when high in numbers? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 77

Reticulocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 78

What might a low reticulocyte count indicate? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 78

Myelosuppression ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 79

Which blood cells are so large that they are unable to wiggle through blood vessel walls? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 79

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythrocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 80

Which blood cells stay in blood vessels and do not roam around tissue spaces? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 80

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythrocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 81

Which blood cells are flexible, disc-shaped cells that have a thick outer rim and a thin center? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 81

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythrocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 82

What do red blood cells (RBC) do to squeeze through tiny blood vessels called capillaries? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 82

Bend ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 83

Which blood cell is flexible, allowing oxygen (O2) delivery to every cell in the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 83

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythrocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 84

What disease includes decreased oxygenation and cell death? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 84

Sickle Cell ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 85

In which disease do red blood cells (RBC) assume a C shape instead of bending, blocking blood flow through tiny blood vessels? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 85

Sickle Cell ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 86

EDIT PICTURE ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 86

Edit picture ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 87

What refers to unequal-sized red blood cells (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 87

Anisocytosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 88

What refers to irregularly shaped red blood cells (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 88

Poikilocytosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 89

What two red blood cell (RBC) shapes are found in anemia and other blood disorders? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Answer 89

Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 290)

Question 90

What refers to a cell that is smaller than normal, like in iron deficiency anemia? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 90

Microcytic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 91

What refers to a cell that is larger than normal like in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 91

Macrocytic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 92

Which term describes a pale coloured red blood (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 92

Hypochromic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 93

What refers to a normal coloured red blood cell (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 93

Normochromic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 94

What refers to a red blood cell (RBC) that is deeper in red? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 94

Hyperchromic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 95

Which blood cell normally loses almost all its organelles as it matures? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 95

Red Blood Cell (RBC) | Erythrocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 96

What term describes how a red blood cell (RBC) produces adensoine triphosphate (ATP) without a mitochondira? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 96

Anaerobic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 97

What term describes the phenomenon where red blood cells (RBC) do not use (metabilize) the oxygen (O2) they are transporting throughout the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 97

Anaerobic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 98

What do red blood cells (RBC) lack, in addition to DNA, that prevents them from replicating? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 98

Nucleus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 99

Which blood cells are not replicated and instead replaced by new cells when removed from the blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 99

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythrocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 100

What large protein molecule fills red blood cells (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 100

Hemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 101

What are the two hemoglobin parts? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 101

Globin Heme ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 102

What substance is globin? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 102

Protein ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 103

What substance does heme contain? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 103

Iron ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 104

Hemoglobin contains four ___ chains, each having a ___ group. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 104

globin heme ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 105

What molecule is responsible for red blood cell (RBC) function? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 105

Hemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 106

As red blood cells (RBC) circulate through the lung's blood vessels, ___ attaches loosely to the ___ atom in ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 106

O2 iron heme ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 107

What is oxygenated hemoglobin? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 107

Oxyhemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 108

As blood flows to various body tissues, ___ detaches from hemoglobin. The unloaded ___ diffuses from blood to the cells, where it is used during cellular metabolism. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 108

oxygen (O2) x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 109

Which hemoglobin portion transports some of the carbon dioxide (CO2) from its production site in metabolizing cells to the lungs, where it is excreted? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 109

Globin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 110

What is the CO2-hemoglobin complex? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 110

Carbaminohemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 111

What molecule plays a role in gas transport? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 111

Hemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 112

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 112

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 113

What colour is blood when hemoglobin is oxygenated? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 113

Red ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 114

What is colour is blood when hemoglobin is unoxygenated? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 114

Blue ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 115

What colour is blood coming from the lungs? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 115

Red ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 116

What colour is blood leaving the tissues? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 116

Blue ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 117

What condition includes blue looking skin from oxygen (O2) deprivation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 117

Cyanosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 118

What condition includes cyanosis as a sign? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 118

Hypoxemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 119

What is an oxygen (O2) blood deficiency? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 119

Hypoxemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 120

What does the body require, in addition to correct genetic coding for protein synthesis and healthy bone marrow, to make adequate hemoglobin amounts? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 120

Raw Materials ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 121

What are the three essential raw materials? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 121

Iron B12 Folic Acid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 122

What refers to a deficiency of any raw materials? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 122

Anemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Question 123

What condition results in inadequate hemoglobin synthesis from an iron deficient diet? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 291)

Answer 123

Iron Deficient Anemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 124

Red blood cell (RBC) count is maintained through ___ ___ ___ between the amount of oxygen (O2) in the blood and a hormone called ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 124

negative feedback control erythropoietin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 125

What is secreted when the kidneys sense the need for additional oxygen (O2) from decreased body tissue oxygen (O2)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 125

Erythropoietin (EPO) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 126

What stimulates bone marrow to produce additional red blood cells (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 126

Erythropoietin (EPO) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 127

Which cells increase oxygen (O2) tissue transport when increased? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 127

Red Blood Cells (RBC) | Erythropoietin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 128

What diminishes as oxygen (O2) increases in tissues, slowing the red blood cell (RBC) production rate in bone marrow? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 128

Erythropoietin (EPO) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 129

Note what happens in a person who is chronically hypoxemic, such as a person with emphysema (a chronic lung disorder). Low oxygen (O2) in the blood stimulates the secretion of excess ___ (__), causing additional red blood cell (RBC) production. Thus, a person with emphysema often has ___ ___ [excess red blood cells (RBC)] secondary to chronic lung disease. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 129

erythropoietin (EPO) polycythemia vera ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 130

What increases red blood cell (RBC) production, thereby increasing the amount of oxygen (O2) delivered to exercising muscle, enhancing athletic performance? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 130

Erythropoietin (EPO) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 131

Which condition exists in declining kidney function where adequate erythropoietin (EPO) amounts are not produced? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 131

Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure Anemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 132

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Answer 132

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 292)

Question 133

What is a red blood cell's (RBC) lifespan? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 133

120 Days ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 134

Which white blood cells line the speen and liver? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 134

Macrophages ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 135

Which white blood cells detect worn red blood cell (RBC) membranes that need replacement? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 135

Macrophages ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 136

Macrophages, or “big eaters,” remove red blood cells (RBC) from the circulation and ___ them. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 136

phagocytose ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 137

As old, worn-out red blood cells (RBC) are dismantled, their components are recycled or excreted. Hemoglobin is broken down into globin and heme. Globin is broken down into various ___ ___ that are later used in the synthesis of other proteins. Heme is further broken down into ___ and ___ pigments. ___ is stored in the ___ until it is needed by the bone marrow for the synthesis of new hemoglobin. The ___ removes ___ pigments, especially ___, from the blood and excretes them into the ___. ___ eventually flows into the intestines and is excreted from the body in the feces. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 137

amino acids iron, bile Iron, liver liver, bile, bilirubin, bile Bile ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 138

What is excessive red blood cell (RBC) breakdown? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 138

Hemolysis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 139

Excess bilirubin in the blood, called ___, is deposited in the skin, causing it to appear yellow or jaundiced. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 139

hyperbilirubinemia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 140

What causes jaundice? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Answer 140

Hemolysis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 293)

Question 141

Red Blood Cell Breakdown

Answer 141

Question 142

Which large, round blood cells contain nuclei? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 142

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 143

White blood cells (WBC) lack ___ and are less numerous than red blood cells (RBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 143

hemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 144

Which blood cells protect the body by destroying pathogens and removing dead tissue and other cellular debris by phagocytosis? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 144

White Blood Cells | Leukocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 145

Which blood cells increase when an infection is present in the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 145

White Blood Cells (WBC) | Leukocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 146

What refers to a white blood cell increase? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 146

Leukocytosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 147

What refers to a white blood cell decrease, caused by few infections? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 147

Leukopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 148

Leukocytes vary widely with respect to life span: ___ may live only a few hours, whereas some ___ may live for years. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 148

granulocytes lymphocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 149

Normally, 1 μL of blood contains 5000 to 10,000 white blood cells (WBC). This number is somewhat misleading because white blood cells (WBC) spend less than ___ hours in blood; they leave the blood vessels and migrate to connective tissue or to infection or inflammation sites, where they work and live out their lives. Thus, the number of white blood cells (WBC) distributed throughout the body is much larger than what is suggested by the white blood cell (WBC) count in the blood. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 149

12 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 150

What is white blood cell (WBC) production? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 150

Leukopoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 151

Which blood cells have a different name, appearance, and function? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 151

White Blood Cells (WBC) | Leukocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 152

White blood cells (WBC) are classified according to granules in their ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 152

cytoplasm ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 153

What are white blood cells that contain granules? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 153

Granulocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 154

What are white blood cells (WBC) with no granules in their cytoplasm? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 154

Agranulocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 155

Which white blood cells (WBC), produced in red bone marrow, are further classified according to staining characteristics? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 155

Granulocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 156

What are the three granulocytes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 156

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 157

What is the most common granulocyte? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 157

Neutrophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 158

Neutrophils (which are pale or stain lavender) account for __% to ___% of the total white blood cell (WBC) population and usually remain in the blood for about ___ to ___ hours. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 158

55 70 10 12 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 159

The neutrophil’s most important role is ___ and the release of ___ chemicals. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 159

phagocytosis antimicrobial ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 160

Which white blood cells quickly move to infection sites, where they phagocytose pathogens and remove tissue debris? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 160

Neutrophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 161

The battle between neutrophils and pathogens at infection sites creates ___ - a collection of dead neutrophils, cell parts, and fluid. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 161

pus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 162

What does the body sometimes form when walling off pus collection from surrounding tissue? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 162

Abscess ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 163

What forms to prevent the spread of infection? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 163

Abscess ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 164

Neutrophils plays such an important defense role in the body that a deficiency of neutrophils (___ or ___) is considered life threatening. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 164

neutropenia granulocytopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 165

Which round cell contains a nucleus that can have many shapes and different sizes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 165

Neutrophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 166

What are called polymorphs, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), or polys because of the many-shaped (polymorphic) nucleuses? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 166

Neutrophils ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 167

What appears segmented in the mature neutrophil under a microscope? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 167

Nucleus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 168

What are mature neutrophils? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 168

Segs ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 169

The nucleus of an immature neutrophil looks like a thick curved ___—hence, the name ___ cells. Because the ___ resembles the shape of a ___, the ___ cells are also called ___ cells. Neutrophils are also called ___ cells. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 169

band x 2 band, staff, band, staff stab ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 170

Which granulocytes are normally present in small numbers, making up less than 1% of white blood cells (WBC) and absorbing a dark blue stain? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 170

Basophils ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 171

Which granulocyte plays a role in the inflammatory response, primarily through its histamine release? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 171

Basophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 172

Which granulocyte releases heparin, an anticoagulant? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 172

Basophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 173

___ are found in abundance in areas with large amounts of blood, such as the lungs and liver, and so, the release of ___ is thought to reduce the formation of tiny blood clots and white blood cells (WBC) movement throughout the injured tissue. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 173

Basophils heparin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 174

Which granulocyte's prefix means “rosy”, referring to its staining characteristic? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 174

Eosinophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 175

Eosinophils are present in small numbers, constituting only ___% to ___% of the white blood cells (WBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 175

1 3 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 176

Which granulocytes are involved in the inflammatory response, secreting chemicals that weaken and destroy large parasites (i.e., tapeworm, hookworm), engage in phagocytosis, and become elevated in persons with allergies? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 176

Eosinophil ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 177

What are the two agranulocytes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 177

Lymphocytes Monocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 178

Which agranulocytes, produced in red bone marrow, sometimes migrate and then mature and reproduce in lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lymphatic nodules)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 178

Lymphocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 179

Which agranulocyte constitutes 25% to 38% of white blood cells (WBC) and performs an important role in the body’s immune response? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 179

Lymphocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 180

___ leave the blood for tissues, where they differentiate into large cells, called ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 180

Monocytes macrophages ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 181

Which agranulocytes are efficient phagocytes; as the name indicates, “big eaters"? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 181

Macrophages ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 182

During which process does a macrophage chop up an engulfed foreign particle and push a piece onto its surface? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 295, 296)

Answer 182

Antigen Presentation ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 295, 296)

Question 183

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Answer 183

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 294)

Question 184

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Answer 184

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 295)

Question 185

Naming White Blood Cells ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 185

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 186

What are tiny cell fragments of the larger megakaryocytes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 186

Platelets | Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 187

Normally, each microliter of blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000 ___ or ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 187

platelets thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 188

Platelets, produced in red bone marrow, have a life span of ___ to ___ days? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 188

5 9 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 189

What is platelet production? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 189

Thrombopoiesis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 190

Which cells prevent blood loss? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 190

Platelets ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 191

What is a deficiency caused by the failure of bone marrow to replace platelets at an adequate rate? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 191

Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 192

What is characterized by petechiae—little pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin—and potentially lethal bleeding episodes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 192

Thrombocytopenia ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 193

Differentiation of a Stem Cell into Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and Platelets. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)

Answer 193

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)

Question 194

Blood Cells Types and Function ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)

Answer 194

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 289)

Question 195

Which laboratory test provides information about blood composition? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 195

Complete Blood Count (CBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 196

Which test provides the normal ranges (numbers) of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 196

Complete Blood Count (CBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 197

What test provides information for each specific blood cell? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 197

Complete Blood Count (CBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 198

Relative to red blood cells (RBC), the complete blood count (CBC) indicates the normal ___ content, hematocrit (Hct), and ___ percentages. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 198

hemoglobin reticulocyte ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 199

Which test indicates each white blood cell (WBC) percentage - the differential white blood cell (WBC) count? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 199

Complete Blood Count (CBC) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Question 200

What is the process that stops bleeding? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 296)

Answer 200

Hemostasis | Blood (Hemo) stands still (stasis). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 296, 297)

Question 201

What are the three events in hemostasis? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 201

Vascular Spasm Platelet Plug Blood Clot ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 202

Which process includes smooth muscle contraction in an injured blood vessel wall? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 202

Vascular Spasm ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 203

Which process causes blood vessel diameter to decrease, thereby decreasing the blood amount that flows through the vessel? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 203

Vascular Spasm ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 204

Which process stops bleeding completely in the smallest vessels? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 204

Vascular Spasm

Question 205

Which process may slow bleeding but is generally insufficient to stop larger vessel bleeding? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 205

Vascular Spasm ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 206

Which cell is activated by inner vessel lining when torn? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 206

Platelets | Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 207

Which cells become sticky, adhering to inner vessel lining and each other when a vessel is injured? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 207

Platelets | Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 208

What is formed by platelets and inner vessel lining sticking together? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 208

Platelet Plug ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 209

What is formed to diminish bleeding at an injury site? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 209

Platelet Plug ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 210

Over several minutes, a plug will be invaded by activated ___-___ ___ and will eventually evolve into a stable, strong __ __. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 210

blood-clotting factors blood clot ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 211

In addition to forming a plug, platelets release chemicals that further stimulate __ ___ and help activate the ___-___ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 211

vascular spasm blood-clotting factors ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 212

Which cell participates in all three hemostasis phases? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Answer 212

Platelets | Thrombocytes ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 297)

Question 213

Edit Card Placement Steps in Hemostasis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 213

Edit Card Placement ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 214

Which event stops bleeding in serious vessel wall injuries? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 214

Blood-Clot ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 215

Which event is a chemical reaction series that results in a netlike structure formation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 215

Blood Clot | Coagulation ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 216

A clot's framework is composed of protein fibers called ___, an entangled mass of fine threads. As blood flows through the ___ net, large particles in the blood, such as red blood cells (RBC) and platelets, become trapped within it. The ___ net and the trapped elements are called a blood clot. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 216

fibrin x 3 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 217

What seals off openings in injured blood vessels to stop bleeding? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 217

Blood Clot ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 218

What is the reaction series in which one clotting factor activates another clotting factor? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 218

Clotting Cascade ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 219

Stage I: A blood vessel wall injury activates various ___ ___. These ___ ___ normally circulate in blood in an inactive form. When activated, the ___ ___ produce ___ ___ (___). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 219

clotting factors x 3 prothrombin activator (PTA) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 220

Stage II: In the presence of ___, platelet chemicals, and prothrombin activator (PTA), prothrombin is activated to form ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 220

calcium thrombin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 221

Stage III: Thrombin activates ___. Activated ___ forms the fibrin fibers or fibrin net. The net traps other blood cells and particles to form the clot. Other factors then stabilize and strengthen the clot. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 221

fibrinogen x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 222

Blood Clotting's Three Stage ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 222

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 223

Which pathway is activated when factor XII is exposed to collagen inside damaged blood vessels? ## Footnote (Blood, slide 19)

Answer 223

Intrinsic ## Footnote (Blood slide 19)

Question 224

Which pathway is activated by tissue trauma, when thromboplastin within a blood vessel is released and activates factor VII and X? ## Footnote (Blood, slide 19)

Answer 224

Extrinsic ## Footnote (Blood, slide 19)

Question 225

Which process includes a clot becoming smaller when water is squeezed out after formation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 225

Clot Retraction ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 226

Which process occurs as injured blood vessel edges are pulled together to slow bleeding and set the stage for repair? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Answer 226

Clot Retraction ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 298)

Question 227

Which process occurs after a clot accomplishes its task? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 227

Fibrinolysis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 228

Which process dissolves a clot? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 228

Fibrinolysis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 229

What gradually dissolves a clot? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 229

Plasmin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 230

What is the inactive plasmin form that normally circulates within blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 230

Plasminogen ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 231

What is formed by injured tissue and activates plasminogen? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 231

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 232

Three important blood clot prevention mechanisms are a smooth inner blood vessel lining (___), ___ (an anticoagulant) secretion, and ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 232

endothelium heparin exercise ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 233

Inner blood vessel lining (___) is smooth and shiny, allowing blood to flow easily along its surface. If its surface becomes roughened or lined with cholesterol plaques, however, coagulation factors are activated, and blood clots are apt to form. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 233

endothelium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 234

What is the anticoagulant secreted by mast cells? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 234

Heparin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 235

Which cells are related to basophils and are concentrated in and around the liver and lungs—sites where blood is stagnant and, therefore, apt to clot easily? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 235

Mast ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 236

What action decreases platelet stickiness and platelet activation of the clotting cascade? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 236

Exercise ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 237

What describes the massaging effect of contracting leg muscles, preventing blood stagnation in deep leg veins (where blood clots tend to form) and improved blood flow that, in turn, prevents accumulation of activated clotting factors, such as thrombin? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 237

Exercise ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 238

Which drug group dissolves formed clots? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 238

Fibrinolytic Agents ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 239

Fibrinolysis (“Clot Busting") ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Answer 239

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Question 240

What is a blood clot called? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 240

Thrombus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 241

What is the blood clot formation process? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 241

Thrombosis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 242

What refers to a thrombus piece that breaks off, forming a traveling blood clot? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 242

Embolus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 243

What may lodge in other organ's smaller blood vessels, blocking organ blood flow and resulting in organ damage, such as a pulmonary infarct (necrosis), heart attack, or brain attack (stroke)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 243

Embolus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 244

A common killer disorder, called ___ ___ ___ (___), is particularly lethal. A clot in the deep leg veins gives rise to an embolus. The embolus travels to the lung's blood vessels where it blocks blood flow and often causes sudden death. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 244

deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 245

Which two anticoagulants may prevent thrombosis? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 245

Heparin Warfarin (Coumadin) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 246

Which anticoagulant acts as an antithrombin agent? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 246

Heparin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 247

Which anticoagulant interferes with the clotting scheme by decreasing the liver’s (hepatic) vitamin K utilization in prothrombin systhesis, causing hypoprothrombinemia, a diminished amount of prothrombin in the blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Answer 247

Coumadin (Warfarin) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 299)

Question 248

Less prothrombin means less ___, and less ___ means that blood clotting is diminished. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 299, 300)

Answer 248

thrombin x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 299, 300)

Question 249

What agents are commonly called “blood thinners” but do not dilute blood as they just make blood less likely to clot? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Answer 249

Anticoagulants ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Question 250

Another drugs category, called clot busters or ___ agents, dissolves potentially lethal clots. Plasminogen activators dissolve clots. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Answer 250

fibrinolytic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Question 251

Clot busters, such as ___ ___ ___ (___), have revolutionized the treatment of myocardial infarction (heart attacks caused by blood clots in the heart's blood vessels) and brain attacks (blood clots in the brain's blood vessels). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Answer 251

tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 300)

Question 252

What is classified according to specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBC)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 252

Blood ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 253

What is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 253

Antigen ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 254

What immune response is triggered by an antigen as a foreign substance? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 254

Antibody ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 255

What is a response designed to attack and destroy antigens? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 255

Antibody ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 256

What four blood types does the ABO grouping contain? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 256

A B AB O ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 257

What two letters refer to an antigen on the red blood cell (RBC) membrane? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 257

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 258

A person with type A blood has an ___ antigen on the red blood cell (RBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 258

A ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 259

A person with type B blood has a ___ antigen on the red blood cell (RBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 259

B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 260

A person with type AB blood has both ___ and ___ antigens on the red blood cell (RBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 260

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 261

A person with type O blood has neither ___ nor ___ antigens on the red blood cell (RBC). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 261

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 262

On which membrane is an antigen located? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 262

Red Blood Cell ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 263

Where are antibodies found? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 263

Plasma ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 264

A person with type A blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 264

B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 265

A person with type B blood has anti-___ antibodies in the plasma. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 265

A ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 266

A person with type AB blood has neither anti-___ nor anti-__ antibodies in the plasma. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 266

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 267

A person with type O blood has both anti-___ and anti-___ antibodies in the plasma. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 267

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 268

Type A blood contains the ___ antigen and anti-___ antibodies. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 268

A B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 269

What would occur if A antigens were on red blood cells (RBC) and anti-A antibodies were in plasma? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 269

Agglutination ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 270

What is a blood clumping reaction much like the curdling seen when milk and vinegar are mixed? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 270

Agglutination ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 271

What reaction causes red blood cells (RBC) to burst or lyse in a process called hemolysis? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 271

Agglutination ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 272

What molecule would be liberated from red blood cells (RBC) if rapid hemolysis were to occur in circulation, causing kidney failure and death? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 272

Hemoglobin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 273

What refers to the mixing of donor blood with a recipient blood sample to find compatibility (agglutination absence) after determining blood type? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 273

Cross-Matching ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 274

Suppose a blood transfusion recipient has type A blood. The recipient can be given type ___ blood and type ___ blood. No antigen–antibody reaction (agglutination) would occur because type ___ donor blood has the ___ antigen and the recipient has only anti-___ antibodies (plasma). The type ___ donor blood does not cause agglutination because the red blood cells (RBC) have neither ___ nor ___ antigens. Therefore, type ___ and type ___ blood are compatible with type A blood. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 274

A O A X 2 B O A B A O ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 275

Suppose a type A recipient receives type B blood. Type B donor blood has the ___ antigen on each red blood cell (RBC) surface. The plasma antibodies of the recipient are anti-___ antibodies. The ___ antigen and the anti-___ antibodies cause agglutination; thus, type B blood is incompatible with type A blood. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 275

B x 4 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 276

Suppose a type A recipient is given type AB blood. In this case, the red blood cell (RBC) contains both ___ and ___ antigens. The plasma of the recipient contains anti-___ antibodies. When types A and AB are mixed, an agglutination reaction occurs; these blood groups are incompatible. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Answer 276

A, B B ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 301)

Question 277

Which blood type can be given to all four blood groups? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 277

O ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 278

Which blood type is the universal donor? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 278

O ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 279

Which blood type can receive all four blood types? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 279

AB ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 280

Which blood type is the universal recipient? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 280

AB ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 281

Type ___ blood occurs in 40% of the population, 10% of the population has type ___, 4% has type ___, and 46% has type ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 281

A B AB O ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 282

ABO Blood Types and Compatibility

Answer 282

Question 283

By which factor is blood classified? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 283

Rh ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 284

What is an antigen that is located on a red blood cell (RBC) membrane? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 284

Rh Factor ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 285

What is blood said to be if a red blood cell (RBC) contains the Rh factor? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 285

Postive ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 286

What is blood said to be if a red blood cell (RBC) does not contain the Rh factor? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 286

Negative ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 287

___ blood refers to type A (A antigen) blood that also has the Rh factor; whereas, ___ blood is type A blood that does not have the Rh factor. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 287

A+ A- ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 288

Which Rh factor does 85% of the population have? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 288

Positive ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 289

What does not naturally carry anti-Rh antibodies? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 289

Plasma ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 290

If Rh-positive (+) blood from a donor is administered to an Rh-negative (−) person (the recipient), the Rh antigen of the donor stimulates the recipient to produce anti-Rh antibodies. The recipient is now said to be “___". If the Rh-negative (−) person is later given a second transfusion of Rh-positive (+) blood, the anti-Rh antibodies in the plasma of the recipient will attack the Rh antigen of the Rh-positive (+) donor blood, causing ___ and ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Answer 290

sensitized agglutination, hemolysis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 302)

Question 291

The Rh factor may cause a serious problem in a Rh-negative (−) pregnant mother who is carrying a Rh-positive (+) fetus. During this first pregnancy, the fetus grows to term and is delivered uneventfully. During late pregnancy or childbirth, however, some of the fetus’ Rh-positive (+) blood crosses the placenta and enters the mother’s blood. The Rh antigen stimulates the mother’s immune system to produce anti-Rh antibodies. In other words, the mother has become ___ during her first pregnancy. If the mother becomes pregnant for a second time with an Rh-positive (+) fetus, the anti-Rh antibodies move from the mother’s circulation into the fetus’ circulation. These anti-Rh antibodies attack the fetus’ red blood cells (RBC), causing agglutination and hemolysis. In response, the fetus becomes jaundiced and ___ as the red blood cells (RBC) undergo hemolysis. This hemolytic condition is called ___ ___. The hemolysis causes a rapid rise in plasma levels of bilirubin. The hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood), in turn, causes severe jaundice and a condition called ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 302, 303)

Answer 291

sensitized anemic erythroblastosis fetalis kernicterus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, pp. 302, 303)

Question 292

What is a preventable condition caused by the staining of a part of the brain with bilirubin and characterized by impaired mental development? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Answer 292

Kernicterus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Question 293

What condition can be prevented by the administration of RhoGAM? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Answer 293

Erythroblastosis Fetalis ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Question 294

What is administered to a Rh-negative (−) mother during pregnancy and within 72 hours after delivery? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Answer 294

RhoGAM ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Question 295

What drug surrounds, or coats, fetal Rh-positive (+) antigens, thereby preventing them from stimulating the development of anti-Rh antibodies by the mother? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Answer 295

RhoGAM ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Question 296

What is a condition that refers to all antigen–antibody reactions that cause hemolysis and jaundice, including the Rh factor? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)

Answer 296

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020, p. 303)