Immune System Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com (184 cards)
1
Q
Which system includes defensive mechanisms that protect us from pathogens, foreign substances such as pollens, and cancer cells?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Immune
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
2
Q
What, provided by the immune system, is not restricted to a single organ or tissue; rather, it is diffusely scattered throughout the body?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Immunity
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
3
Q
What is the immune system’s study?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Immunology
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
4
Q
What are the immune system’s two defense mechanism classifications?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Nonspecific
Specific
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
5
Q
Which immunity protects the body against many different foreign agents?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Nonspecific
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
6
Q
Which immunity does not need the body to recognize a specific foreign agent?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Nonspecific
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
7
Q
Which immunity hones in on a specific substance?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
Specific
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
8
Q
Nonspecific immunity is also called ___ immunity, because we are born with certain defense mechanisms that do not require prior exposure to a pathogen or foreign agent.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
A
innate
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 383)
9
Q
Nonspecific immunity can be divided into two defense lines.
The first defense line includes ___ ___, ___ ___, and ___.
The second includes ___, ___, ___, ___ ___ (interferons and complement ___), and ___ ___ (___) cells .
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
mechanical barriers
chemical barriers
reflexes
phagocytosis
inflammation
fever
protective proteins
proteins
natural killer (NK)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
10
Q
Which defense mechanism works against all foreign agents or injuries?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Nonspecific
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
11
Q
What are intact skin and mucous membranes considered?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Mechanical Barriers
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
12
Q
Which barrier can pathogens not cross to enter the body?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Mechanical
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
13
Q
___ barrier destruction is an invitation to microbial invasion and subsequent infection.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Mechanical
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
14
Q
Which secretions assist the skin and mucous membranes with mechanical defensive functions?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Chemical
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
15
Q
What includes the skin’s sebaceous and sweat gland secretions forming an acid coating (acid mantle) that inhibits bacterial growth while the skin’s external layer continuously sloughs off, thereby shedding microorganisms?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Chemical Barriers
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
16
Q
What includes stomach secretions, saliva, sweat, and enzymes such as lysozyme?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
A
Chemical Barriers
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
17
Q
What includes acid and digestive enzymes secreted by stomach cells killing most swallowed microorganisms?
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 384, 385)
A
Chemical Barriers
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 384, 385)
18
Q
What includes perspiration, tears, and saliva containing lysozyme (an enzyme that discourages pathogen growth)?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Chemical Barrier
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
19
Q
___ secreted by the respiratory tract’s mucous membranes traps inhaled foreign material.
Then ___, which line most respiratory structures, sweeps the entrapped material toward the throat so that the material can eventually be coughed up or swallowed.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Mucus
cilia
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
20
Q
What includes removing pathogens from the respiratory tract by sneezing and coughing; and removing pathogens from the digestive tract by vomiting and diarrhea?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Reflex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
21
Q
If a pathogen penetrates the ___ defense line, it encounters processes that make up the ___ defense line.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
first
second
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
22
Q
Which cell type ingests and digests pathogens and other foreign substances by phagocytosis?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Leukocytes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
23
Q
What are two important phagocytes?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Monocytes
Neutrophils
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
24
Q
Which phagocyte is small and motile, travelling quickly to infection sites?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
A
Neutrophil
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
25
Which phagocyte engages pathogens aggresively, mostly dying in battle, and becoming a part of cellular debris and pus?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 385, 386)
Neutrophil
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 385, 386)
26
Which phagocyte is active in infection absence; constantly wandering throughout connective tissue, killing bacteria before they have a chance to grow and multiply?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Neutrophils
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
27
When prompted to phagocytose, ___ secrete and surround themselves within a bactericidal chemical cloud.
Thus, ___ feast away in a phagocyte-friendly chemical killing zone.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
neutrophils x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
28
The second phagocyte group consists of agranulocytic ___.
Some ___ circulate within the blood; they are described as free and motile.
Other ___ leave the blood; they develop into macrophages and become fixed in lymphatic tissue throughout the body.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
monocytes x 3
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
29
___ that become fixed in specific organs are stationary, or nonmotile.
They can, however, divide and produce new ___ in their fixed sites.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Macrophages
macrophages
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
30
Macrophages that become fixed in an organ often take on a variety of names.
For instance, the ___ cells in the ___ are fixed to large capillary walls called sinusoids.
As blood flows through the sinusoids, pathogens and other foreign substances are removed from the blood and phagocytosed.
The ___, ___, ___, and ___ ___ have a particularly rich phagocyte supply.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Kupffer
liver
spleen
lungs
lymph nodes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
31
Some macrophages that are fixed in the lungs are called “___ ___” because they phagocytose inhaled solid particles.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
dust cells
## Footnote
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32
As the name applies, macrophages function as ___ or “big eaters."
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
phagocytes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
33
Which phagocyte helps lymphocytes to mount an immune response by antigen-presenting?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Macrophages
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
34
As they travel through blood to an infection site, ___ and ___ squeeze through tiny gaps between endothelial cells in capillary walls and enter the infection site's tissue spaces.
The process of squeezing through tiny gaps is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
neutrophils
monocytes
diapedesis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
35
Chemicals released by injured cells attract ___ and ___ to the injured site.
The signaling is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
neutrophils
monocytes
chemotaxis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
36
Which process is like a bloodhound tracking a scent; the hound picks up the signal (odor), identifying its source?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Chemotaxis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
37
What engulfs, or eats, particles or pathogens, much like an ameba does?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Phagocyte
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
38
A phagocyte’s plasma membrane sends out ___ (“false feet”) that surround the pathogen.
___ surfaces then fuse, thereby enclosing the pathogen within the phagocyte.
The trapped pathogen encounters a ___; the ___ membrane fuses with the pathogen, releasing potent enzymes that destroy the pathogen.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
pseudopods
Pseudopod
lysosome
lysosomal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
39
Which process can be summarized as “ingested (eaten) and digested"?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Phagocytosis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
40
What is the body’s response when confronted by an irritant?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Inflammation
## Footnote
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41
Irritants can be almost anything; common irritants include pathogens, friction, excessive heat or cold, radiation, injuries, and chemicals.
If the irritant is caused by a pathogen, the inflammation is called an ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
infection
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
42
What is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
Inflammation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
43
Injured cells release ___ and other chemicals when tissue injury or irritation occurs.
These chemicals cause blood vessels in injured tissue to dilalte, and the dilated blood vessels bring more blood to the area.
Increased blood flow, called ___, causes redness and heat.
The ___ causes blood vessel walls to leak fluid and dissolved substances into tissue spaces, causing swelling.
Fluid and irritating chemicals accumulating at the injured site also stimulate pain ___; therefore the person experiences pain.
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the classic signs of inflammation.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
histamine
hyperemia
histamine
receptors
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 386)
44
What refers to an abnormal elevation in body temperature ?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Fever
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
45
What is fever also known as?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Pyrexia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
46
As phagocytes perform their duty, they release fever-producing substances called ___ (from the Latin word for “fire”).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
pyrogens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
47
What stimulates the brain's hypothalamus to reset body temperature, producing fever?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Pyrogens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
48
Temperature elevation is thought to be beneficial in two ways: fever stimulates ___ and decreases the ability of certain ___ to multiply.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
phagocytosis
pathogens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
49
The ___ resets body temperature.
First, the person ___ to generate heat; the heat is conserved as the skin's blood vessels constrict.
The person may have chills and feel cold and clammy, even though body temperature is rising.
The elevated temperature hovers around its new set point while the pathogen is active, but when the infection is contained and ___ secretion diminishes, the ___ resets its thermostat back to normal.
Heat-losing mechanisms are activated; the skin's blood vessels dilate, and the person ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
hypothalamus
shivers
pyrogens
hypothalamus
sweats
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
50
Evidence suggests ___ reduction prolongs infection.
Note, however, that a very high ___ must be reduced because high body temperature may cause severe and irreversible brain damage.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
fever x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
51
High fever, especially in children, is frequently accompanied by ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
seizures
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
52
What are seizures resulting from an elevated body temperature?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Febrile
| Fever Seizures
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
53
What are the two protective proteins that act nonspecifically to protect the body?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Interferons
Complement Proteins
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
54
Which protein is secreted by cells infected by a virus?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Interferon
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
55
Which protein diffuses to surrounding cells, where they prevent viral replication, thereby protecting neighboring cells?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Interferons
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
56
Researchers first found ___ in cells infected by the influenza virus and named them accordingly because they interfered with viral replication.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
interferons
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
57
Which protein activates natrual killer (NK) cells and macrophages, thus boosting the immune system?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Interferons
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
58
Which proteins circulate blood in an inactive form?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Complement
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
59
Which proteins swarm over bacterium when activated?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Complement
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
60
The complement attaches to bacteria's outer membrane and punches ___ in it.
The ___ in the membrane allow fluid and electrolytes to flow into the bacterium, causing it to burst and die.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
holes x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
61
Which proteins perform other functions that enhance phagocytosis and the inflammatory response when activated?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Complement
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
62
Which small, special lymphocyte population acts nonspecifically to kill a variety of cells?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Natural Killer (NK)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
63
Which cells are effective against many microbes and certain cancer cells?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Natural Killer (NK)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
64
Which cells cooperate with specific defense mechanisms to mount the most effective defense possible?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
Natural Killer (NK)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 387)
65
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 384)
66
Specific immunity is also called ___ immunity because the immune cells can respond to newly encountered pathogens or foreign agents.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
adaptive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
67
What two characteristics distinguish specific immunity from nonspecific immunity?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Specificity
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
68
Which immunity does not require the body to recognize a specific foreign agent?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Nonspecific
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
69
Which immunity hones in on a foreign substance, such as the measles virus or ragweed pollen, and provides protection against one specific substance but not others?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Specific
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
70
What refers to the ability to respond faster and more robustly when reexposed to a pathogen or foreign agent?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
71
Cells that play key roles in specific immunity are lymphocytes (___ lymphocytes and ___ lymphocytes) and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
B
T
macrophages
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
72
Understanding lymphocyte function requires an understanding of ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
antigens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
73
What stimulates antibody formation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Antigen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
74
What word is made up of words that refer to antibody generating?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
Antigen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
75
What are generally large and mostly proteins with few being polysaccharides and lipids?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 388, 389)
Antigens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 388, 389)
76
What are found on the surface of many substances, such as pathogens, red blood cells (RBC), pollens, foods, toxins, and cancer cells?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Antigens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
77
What describes foreign substances that display antigens?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Antigenic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
78
What are substances that are attacked by macrophages and lymphocytes?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Antigenic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
79
Before birth, personal ___ somehow get to know what belongs and what does not.
In effect, personal ___ learn to recognize the self and take steps to eliminate the nonself (foreign agent).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
lymphocytes x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
80
The body perceives personal cells and secretions as ___ and other cells as ___.
___ cells are subsequently eliminated.
Recognition of self is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
nonantigenic
antigenic x 2
immunotolerance
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
81
Sometimes a person’s immune system fails to identify self and mounts an immune attack against its own cells.
This attack is the basis of ___ diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
autoimmune
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
82
What are the two lymphocytes types?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
83
Although both come from ___ ___in the bone marrow, T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) differ in development and function.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
stem cells
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
84
During fetal development, stem cells in the bone marrow produce ___.
The blood carries ___ throughout the body.
About half of the ___ travel to the ___ ___ where they mature and differentiate into ___ ___ (___ ___) (the “___” is for ____-derived).
Eventually, blood carries ___ ___ (___ ____ away from the ___ ___ to various lymphatic tissues, particularly the ___ ___, ___, and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
lymphocytes x 3
thymus gland
T lymphocytes (T cells)
T
thymus
T lymphocytes (T cells)
thymus gland
lymph nodes
liver
spleen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
85
T lymphocytes (T cells) live, work, and reproduce in lymphatic tissue and also circulate in the blood, making up ___% to ___% of the blood’s lymphocytes.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
70
80
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
86
Which cells differentiate in the fetal liver and bone marrow?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
| B is for bone.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
87
As T lymphocytes (T cells) do, B lymphocytes (B cells) take up residence in lymphatic tissue, chiefly the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
lymph nodes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
88
B lymphocytes (B cells) make up ___% to ___% of circulating lymphocytes.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
20
30
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
89
Both T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) attack ___, but in different ways.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
antigens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
90
___ ___ (___ ___) attack antigens directly, through cell-to-cell contact.
This immune response is called ___-___ ___ (___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
**cell-mediated immunity** (**CMI**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
91
___ ___ (___ ___) interact with antigens indirectly by secreting antibodies.
This response is called ___ ___ ___ (___).
This immunity is also called ___ ___ because antibodies are carried by blood and other tissue fluids (the body’s “humors”).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
**antibody-mediated immunity** (**AMI**)
humoral immunity
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
92
Which cells are effective against many pathogens, tumor cells, and foreign tissues such as organ transplants?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
93
Cell-Imediated Immunity (CMI) Steps:
1. T lymphocytes (T cells) originate in the red bone marrow and migrate to the ___ ___, where they mature; they then seed other lymphatic tissue, where they eventually encounter an ___.
2. ___ ___
3. T lymphocyte (T cell) ___
4. ___ Production
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
thymus gland, antigen
Antigen Presentation
Activation
Clone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
94
The ___, on the surface of the pathogen, is phagocytosed by a macrophage .
The macrophage digests the pathogen and pushes the ___ to its surface.
The macrophage’s ability to push the ___ to its surface is called ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
antigen x 3
antigen presentation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
95
Antigens binds to ___ sites on both the helper T lymphocytes and unactivated ___ T lymphocytes.
___ T lymphocytes then secrete cytokines, chemicals that activate ___ T lymphocytes.
Activated ___T lymphocytes bind to pathogens and destroy them.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
receptor
helper, cytotoxic
helper, cytotoxic
cytotoxic
96
Activated T lymphocytes (T cells) divide repeatedly, creating cytotoxic T lymphocyte ___ and ___ T lymphocytes.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
clones
memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
97
What refers to an identical cell group formed from the same parent cell?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Clone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
98
Which T lymphocytes (T cells) are killer cells, engaging in cell-to-cell combat?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Cytotoxic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
99
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy pathogens by two mechanisms: punching ___ in the pathogen’s cell membrane and secreting substances called ___, which enhance phagocytic activity.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
holes
cytokines
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
100
Which T lymphocytes (T cells) do not participate in pathogen (antigen) destruction?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
101
Which T lymphocytes (T cells) “remember” initial antigen encounters?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
102
Which T lymphocytes (T cells) reproduce quickly, allowing faster immune responses during future antigen presentations?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
103
Which T lymphocytes (T cells) inhibit or dampen immune responses when an antigen has been destroyed?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Suppressor
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
104
In which immunity do B lymphocytes (B cells) engage?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
105
Activated B lymphocytes (B cells) produce ___-___ ___ cells.
The ___ are carried by blood and body fluids to the antigen-bearing pathogens that usually reside in plasma or other extracellular fluid.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
antibody-secreting plasma
antibodies
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
106
B lymphocytes (B cells) can produce over ___ million different antibodies; each B lymphocyte (B cell) interacts with a specific antigen and produces its own antibody.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 389)
10
107
What cell has a large antibody numbers that allows the body to develop immunity against many different diseases?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 389, 390)
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 389, 390)
108
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (AMI) Steps:
1. B lymphocytes (B cells) originate and mature in red bone marrow; then seed other lymphatic tissue where they eventually encounter an ___.
2. ___ ___
3. B Lymphocytes (B cells) and ___ ___ ___ Activation
4. ___ Production
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
antigen
Antigen Presentation
Helper T Lymphocyte
Clone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
109
Presented antigens bind to B lymphocytes (B cells) and ___ ___ ___ .
The ___ from activated ___ ___ ___ participate in B lymphocyte (B cell) activation.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
helper T lymphocytes
cytokines, helper T lymphocytes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
110
B lymphocytes (B cells) reproduce, creating ___ cell clones and ___ B lymphocytes.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
plasma
memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
111
Which cells secrete large antibody quantities that travel through blood to foreign antigens (pathogens)?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
Plasma
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
112
Memory B lymphocytes (B cells) do not participate in attacks; they remember specific ___ during future encounters and allow a quicker response to invading pathogens.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
antigens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
113
What do both B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) depend on for activation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
Helper T Lymphocytes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
114
Which virus attacks helper T lymphocytes, thereby producing severe T lymphocyte (T cell) and B lymphocyte (B cell) function impairment?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 390, 391)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 390, 391)
115
Helper T lymphocytes (T cells) are also called the ___ + T cell (because of a surface protein called ___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
CD4 x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
116
What is a marker for immune function?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
CD4 + T cell
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
117
By which count is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression monitored?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
CD4 + T cell
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
118
The CD4 + T-cell count (decreases/increases) as infection progresses.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
decreases
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
119
The Immune System Wages Its Battle with Three Lines of Defense
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 388)
120
Cell-Mediated Immunity
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 390)
121
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 391)
122
Antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes (B cells) are proteins called ___ and constitute plasma protein's gamma globulin fraction.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
immunoglobulins
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
123
What are the five major immunoglobulins?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
124
Which antibody is found in plasma and tissue fluids?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
125
Which antibody is particularly effective against certain bacteria, viruses, and toxins?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
126
Which antibody is found primarily in exocrine gland secretions?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
127
Which antibody is found in breastmilk (greatest) quantity), tears, and gastric juice helps protect against infection?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
128
Which antibody does breast milk (highest in quantity) contain to help infants ward off infection?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
129
Which antibody is found in blood plasma?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
130
The anti-A and anti-B antibodies associated with red blood cells are a type of ___ ___ (___) antibody.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
**immunoglobulin M** (**IgM**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
131
Which antibody is found on the B lymphocyte (B cell) surface and participates in B lymphocyte (B cell) activation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
132
Which antibody appears in exocrine secretions such as breast milk, tears, gastrointestinal secretions, and urine?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
133
Which antibody participates in allergic reactions?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
134
What destroys antigens?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Antibodies
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
135
Antibodies destroy antigens ___ by attacking the antigen and ___ by activating complement proteins that in turn facilitate antigen attacks.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
directly
indirectly
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
136
When antibodies react with antigens directly, the antibodies bind to antigens in a process called an ___-___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
antigen–antibody reaction
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
137
When engagingin an antigen–antibody reaction, antigen–antibody components clump together, or ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
agglutinate
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
138
What makes it easier for phagocytic cells to destroy antigens?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Agglutination
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
139
Which antibody attack is not very helpful in protecting the body against pathogen invasion under normal conditions?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Antigen–Antibody Reaction
| Direct
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
140
An effective way for antibodies to attack an antigen is through ___ ___ activation, which causes a variety of effects: they stimulate ___ (attract more phagocytes), promote ___, make pathogens more susceptible to ___, and encourage ___ (rupture the pathogen's cell membrane).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
complement protein
chemotaxis
agglutination
phagocytosis
lysis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
141
Direct and indirect attacks by ___ provide an effective defense against foreign agents.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
antibodies
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
142
Which cells are activated and produce many antibody-secreting plasma cells and memory cells when exposed to an antigen?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
143
Which response is due to initial antigen exposure; it develops slowly and produces a small antibody number?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Primary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
144
Which response is quick and produces many antibodies?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Secondary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
145
Which response is greater?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Secondary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
146
Initial antigen exposure stimulates ___-___ ___ cell and ___ cell formation, which live for a long time in the plasma and are activated very quickly on second exposure.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
antibody-secreting plasma
memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
147
Which cell induces many antibody-secreting plasma cells when activated?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Memory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
148
Which response means a person will not experience the same disease twice (grants immunity)?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Secondary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
149
If a person had measles in childhood, they have developed measle ___ and many ___ cells.
If that same person is later exposed to the measles virus, ___ cells “remember” the first exposure and produce ___-___ ___ cells very quickly.
The measle ___, in turn, attack the measles virus and prevent said person from becoming ill.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
antibodies, memory
memory, antibody-secreting plasma
antibodies
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
150
What is an antibody blood level called?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
Antibody Titer
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
151
If a person has experienced measles, their measle antibody ___ is higher than a person who has not.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
titer
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 392)
152
What are the two immunity categories?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Genetic
Acquired
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
153
Which immunity protects species from many diseases that afflict other species (human, plant, or animal)?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Genetic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
154
Which immunity is also called inborn, innate, or species?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Genetic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
155
Which immunity is obtained throughout lifetime?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Acquired
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
156
Which immunity is achieved either naturally or artificially?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Acquired
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
157
Naturally acquired immunity is obtained in two ways:
1. Getting the ___
2. Receiving ___ through the ___
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Disease
Antibodies, Mother
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
158
Say a child has chickenpox.
The child's body develops ___ for the specific pathogen.
After this first exposure, the child will never become ill with chickenpox again because their immune system has a ready ___ supply and ___ cells which would respond quickly to a second chickenpox virus invasion.
This naturally acquired immunity is called ___ immunity because the ___ are self-produced bt the child's body.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
antibodies
antibody, memory
active
antibodies
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
159
Which naturally aquired immunity is generally long lasting?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Active
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
160
A second way to acquire immunity ___ is by receiving the mother's antibodies.
Some antibodies [___ ____ (___)] cross the placenta from mother to fetus.
The mother developed these antibodies in response to pathogens encountered throughout lifetime.
This immunity type is called ___ immunity because the fetal immune system did not produce the antibodies and were received from the mother.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
naturally
**immunoglobulin G** (**IgG**)
passive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
161
Antibodies are ___ transferred from mother to infant through breast milk.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
passively
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
162
Which antibody does breast milk contain in small quantities?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
163
Which natrually aquired immunity is short lived?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Passive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
164
___ acquired antibodies are broken down and eliminated from baby’s body.
Mother’s antibodies afford infant protection for about ___ months after birth.
___-___ may extend immunoprotection length.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Passively
6
Breast-feeding
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
165
Artificially acquired immunity is obtained in two ways:
1. ___
2. ___ ___ Injection
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Vaccine
Immune Globulin
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
166
What is an antigen-bearing substance, such as a pathogen, injected into a person in an attempt to stimulate antibody production?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
Vaccine
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
167
The virus is first killed or weakened or ___.
The ___ virus cannot cause the disease (such as measles) when injected, but acts as an ___, stimulating antibody production in the immune system.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 393, 394)
attenuated x 2
antigen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 393, 394)
168
What is used to stimulate antibody production by dead or attenuated pathogens?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Vaccination
| Immunization
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
169
What is a dead or attenuated pathogen solution?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Vaccine
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
170
Vaccines induce ___ immunity because vaccine use stimulates the body to self-produce antibodies.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
active
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
171
A vaccine can be made from pathogen toxin secretion.
The toxin is altered to reduce harmfulness, but it still acts as an antigen to induce immunity.
The altered toxin is called a ___.
The ___ causes ___ immunity because it stimulates antibody production.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
toxoid x 2
active
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
172
___ provide initial exposure and stimulate memory cell formation (___ response).
___ ___ stimulate the ___ response by administering another dose (antigen).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Vaccinations
primary
Booster shots
secondary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
173
What has almost eradicated certain diseases?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Vaccines
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
174
Infants routinely receive a series of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) injections.
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) injections stimulate ___ immunity for diphtheria (diphtheria ___), tetanus (tetanus ___), and pertussis, or whooping cough (pertussis vaccine).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
active
toxoid x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
175
___ ___ is obtained from a donor (human or animal) and contains antibodies (___ ___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Immune globulin
immune globulins
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
176
What includes antibodies that are formed in a donor in response to a specific antigen?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Immune Globulin
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
177
Preformed antibodies (___ ___) are taken from a donor and injected into a recipient, thereby conveying ___ immunity.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
immune globulin
passive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
178
Say a person lacks immunity to hepatitis B and therefore does not have hepatitis B virus antibodies.
If said person is exposed to the virus, they may receive immune globulin (antibodies) to provide immediate protection (immunity).
This immunity is short lived because it is a ___ immunity form.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
passive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
179
What are available for rubella (German measles), hepatitis A and B, rabies, and tetanus?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Immune Globulins
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
180
Other passive immunity forms are commonly used to prevent disease or sereve disease symptom development.
___ contain antibodies that neutralize a pathogen's toxin secretions but have no effect on the pathogens themselves.
___ examples include tetanus ___ (___) and diphtheria and botulism ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Antitoxins x 2
**antitoxin** (**TAT**)
antitoxins
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
181
What contains antibodies that combat poisonous snake venom effects?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
Antivenoms
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 394)
182
Cells Involved in Immunity
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 385)
183
Immunity Types
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 393)
184
Acquired Immunity Types
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 395)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 395)
