Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com (139 cards)
1
Q
The ___, ___ ___, and peripheral nervous system work together as an intricate communication system.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
brain
spinal cord
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
2
Q
The spinal cord serves three major functions: ___ pathway, ___ pathway, and ___ center.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
sensory
motor
reflex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
3
Q
The spinal cord provides pathways for ___ information traveling from the periphery to the brain.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
sensory
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
4
Q
The spinal cord provides pathways for ___ information coming from the brain and going to the periphery.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
motor
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
5
Q
The spinal cord acts as a major ___ center.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
reflex
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
6
Q
What is the continuation of the brain stem?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
Spinal Cord
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
7
Q
What is the tubelike structure located within the spinal cavity?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
Spinal Cord
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
8
Q
The diameter of the ___ ___ is similar to the thickness of your thumb.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
spinal cord
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
9
Q
The spinal cord is about 17 inches (43 cm) long and extends from the ___ ___ of the occipital bone to the level of the ___ ___ ___ (___), just below the bottom rib.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
foramen magnum
first lumbar vertebra (L1)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
10
Q
Like the brain, the spinal cord is well protected by bone (___), ___, ___ ___ (___), and the ___-___ barrier.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
vertebrae
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
blood–brain
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
11
Q
An infant’s spinal cord extends the full length of the spinal cavity.
As the infant grows, however, the vertebral column grows faster than the cord.
Because of the different rates of growth, the spinal cavity eventually becomes longer than the spinal cord, with the cord extending only to the ___ ___ ___ (___) in the adult.
The ___ membranes, however, extend the length of the spinal cavity.
This anatomical arrangement forms the basis for the site of a ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
meningeal
first lumbar vertebra (L1)
lumbar puncture
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
12
Q
During a lumbar puncture, a hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space, between the ___ ___ ___ (___) and the ___ ___ ___ (___), at about the level of the top of the hip bone.
A sample of ___ ___ (___) is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space.
The ___ ___ (___) is then examined for pathogens, blood, or other abnormal signs.
Because the spinal cord ends at L1, there is no danger of injuring the cord with the needle.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
thrid lumbar vertebra (L3)
forth lumbar vertebra (L4)
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
13
Q
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
14
Q
A cross-section of the spinal cord shows an area of ___-matter and an area of ___ matter.
The ___ matter is located in the center and is shaped like a butterfly.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
A
grey, white
grey
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 203)
15
Q
Grey matter is composed primarily of ___ ___, ___, and ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 203, 204)
A
cell bodies
interneurons
synapses
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 203, 204)
16
Q
Two projections of the grey matter are the ___ (___) ___ and the ___ (___) ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
dorsal (posterior) horn
ventral (anterior) horn
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
17
Q
In the middle of the grey matter is the ___ ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
central canal
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
18
Q
The ___ ___ is a hole that extends the entire length of the spinal cord.
It is open to the ventricular system in the brain and to the subarachnoid space at the bottom of the spinal cord.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
central canal
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
19
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows from the ___ in the brain down through the central canal into the ___ ___ at the base of the spinal cord.
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) then circulates throughout the ___ ___ surrounding the spinal cord and brain.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
ventricles
subarachnoid space
subarachnoid space
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
20
Q
The ___ ___ of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
These neuronal axons are grouped together into sensory and motor tracts.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
white matter
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
21
Q
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
A
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
22
Q
Sensory tracts carry information from the periphery, up the spinal cord, and toward the brain.
They are therefore called ___ tracts.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
ascending
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
23
Q
The ___ tract is an example of an ascending tract.
It carries sensory information for touch, pressure, and pain from the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
A
spinothalamic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 204)
24
Q
Sensory information originates from activation of receptors in the ___.
For instance, you accidentally injured your finger, thereby activating pain receptors in the finger.
This information is carried by a sensory nerve to the spinal cord and brain where it is interpreted as pain.
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 204, 205)
A
periphery
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 204, 205)
25
A peripheral sensory nerve is also called an ___ nerve (from the Latin meaning “to bring toward”).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
afferent
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
26
Motor tracts carry information from the brain, down the spinal cord, and toward the periphery.
They are called ___ tracts .
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
descending
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
27
The major descending tracts are the ___ and ___ tracts.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
pyramidal
extrapyramidal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
28
The ___ tract, or ___ tract, is the major motor tract, originating in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
pyramidal
corticospinal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
29
As its name (___) implies, motor information is carried from the cortex (origin) of the brain to the spinal cord.
Motor information is then carried from the spinal cord toward the periphery.
For instance, the intent to move your leg originates in the brain; the signal travels down the spinal cord in a motor tract and along motor nerves to the muscles of the lower extremities causing movement.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
corticospinal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
30
A motor nerve is called an ___ nerve (from the Latin meaning to carry away).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
efferent
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
31
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
32
Most tracts ___, or cross over, from one side to the other.
For example, a corticospinal tract that originates in the left frontal lobe descends to the medulla oblongata, in the brain stem.
The fibers then ___, descend to the right side of the spinal cord, and innervate the right side of the body.
Stated in more clinical terms, the corticospinal tract ___ within the medulla oblongata and descends on the ___ (opposite) side.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
decussate
decussate
decussates, contralateral
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 205)
33
If a person suffers a stroke on the left side of the brain, this person experiences right-sided paralysis (hemiparalysis) because of ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 205, 206)
decussation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 205, 206)
34
Some motor fibers do not ___ and therefore descend on the same (___) side.
Thus, a patient who has sustained a stroke in the left brain may experience both a right-sided paralysis and left-sided weakness.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
decussate
ipsilateral
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
35
Whereas most motor tracts decussate at the level of the ___ ___, most sensory tracts decussate in the ___ ___ and ascend contralaterally to the brain.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
brain stem
spinal cord
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
36
If injured, the neurons of the brain and spinal cord do not ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
regenerate
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
37
If the neck is broken, the spinal cord may be severed.
If the spinal cord is severed at the neck region, the trunk and all four extremities are paralyzed.
This condition is called ___.
This type of spinal cord injury is common in automobile, football, and diving accidents in which the neck is either compressed or bent excessively.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
quadriplegia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
38
If the spinal cord injury is lower, involving only the lumbar region of the spinal cord, the person has full use of the upper extremities but is paralyzed from the waist down.
Paralysis of the lower extremities is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
paraplegia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
39
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
40
A ___ is an involuntary response to a stimulus.
Many of the activities that we engage in every day occur very rapidly and without any conscious control.
In other words, they happen ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
reflex
reflexively
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
41
Many of the reflexes occur at the level of the spinal cord and are called ___ reflexes.
If you touch a hot surface, for example, you very quickly remove your hand (___ reflex).
Your hand is safely away from the source of injury long before you consciously say, “This is hot. I must remove my hand!”
Similarly, your ability to walk and maintain your balance requires hundreds of reflex movements.
For example, you don’t have to think about swinging your arms as you walk.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
spinal
withdrawal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
42
A typical reflex response is demonstrated by the ___ ___, or ___-___, reflex.
During a physical examination, the doctor taps the quadriceps ligament below your kneecap.
In response to the tap, your leg quickly and involuntarily pops up.
The physician has elicited the ___ ___ reflex.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
patellar tendon
knee-jerk
patellar tendon
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
43
If you are standing erect and your knee bends, even slightly, the ___ ___ reflex is stimulated.
In response to the bending, the quadriceps muscle in the thigh contracts, thereby straightening the leg and helping you maintain an upright position.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
patellar tendon
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
44
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 206)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
45
The knee-jerk reflex illustrates the four basic components of the reflex ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
arc
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
46
What refers to the nerve pathway involved in a reflex?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
Reflex Arc
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 207)
47
The four basic components of the reflex arc include the following:
1. A ___ ___
2. An ___ or ___ ___
3. An ___ or ___ ___
4. An ___ ___
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 207, 208)
Sensory Receptor
Afferent, Sensory Neuron
Efferent, Motor Neuron
Effector Organ
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 207, 208)
48
1. By tapping the patellar ligament, the mallet stimulates ___ ___ in the anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps femoris).
2. The nerve impulse is carried from the receptors along a ___ ___ to the spinal cord.
The grey matter of the spinal cord most often contains interneurons that determine the motor response to the sensory input.
This is referred to as the ___ ___.
In the simplest reflex arc (knee-jerk reflex), there is a single synapse with no interneuron and therefore no ___ ___.
All other reflexes require two or more interneurons and have an ___ ___.
3. The nerve impulse is carried by a ___ ___ to the muscles of the thigh.
4. The muscles of the thigh, the quadriceps femoris, are ___ ___ for this reflex.
In response to the motor nerve impulse, the muscles contract and extend the leg at the knee.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 207, 208)
sensory receptors
sensory neuron
integrating center
integrating center
integrating center
motor nerve
effector organs
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 207, 208)
49
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
50
There are many spinal reflexes.
The ___ reflex helps protect you from injury.
For example, this reflex quickly moves your finger away from a hot iron, thereby preventing a severe burn.
The “ouch” occurs after your finger is safely away from the hot iron.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
withdrawal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
51
Reflexes also help regulate organ function.
The ___ reflex, for example, regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.
When a bright light is directed at the eye, the muscles that control pupillary size constrict.
The size of the pupil diminishes, thereby restricting the amount of additional light entering the eye.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
pupillary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
52
Blood pressure is also under reflex control.
When blood pressure changes abruptly, the ___ reflex causes the heart and blood vessels to respond in a way that restores blood pressure to normal.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
baroreceptor
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
53
In addition to performing important physiological functions, some ___ are used diagnostically to assess nerve function.
Abnormal findings may indicate central nervous system (CNS) lesions, tumors, and other neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
reflexes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
54
You may have observed a physician elicit the ___ reflex by stroking the lateral sole of the foot in the direction of heel to toe with a hard, blunt object.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
Babinski
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 208)
55
In the adult, the ___ reflex is normal, or negative, if the response to the stroking is plantar flexion, or a curling of the toes.
An abnormal, or positive, ___ reflex is dorsiflexion of the big toe, sometimes with fanning of the other toes.
An infant normally dorsiflexes the big toe, an indicator of the immaturity of the infant’s nervous system.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 208, 209)
Babinski
Babinski
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 208, 209)
56
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
57
The peripheral nervous system consists of the ___ and ___ located outside the central nervous system (CNS).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
nerves
ganglia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
58
A ___ is a single nerve cell.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
neuron
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
59
The nerve contains many ___ bundled together with blood vessels and then wrapped in connective tissue.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
neurons
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
60
___ are located outside the central nervous system (CNS).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
Nerves
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
61
Within the central nevous system (CNS), bundles of nerve axons are called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
tracts
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
62
Nerves are classified as the following:
* ___ nerves, composed only of sensory neurons
* ___ nerves, composed only of motor neurons
* ___ nerves, containing both sensory and motor neurons
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
Sensory
Motor
Mixed
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
63
Most nerves are mixed, and all ___ nerves are mixed.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
spinal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
64
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
65
The peripheral nervous system can be classified in two ways: ___ (by the anatomy) or ___ (according to what they do).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
structurally
functionally
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
66
The structural classification of the peripheral nervous system divides the nerves into ___ and ___ nerves.
The classification is based on the origin of the fiber (where it originates).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
cranial
spinal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
67
___ nerves exit the brain and generally supply the head, neck, and shoulder areas.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
Cranial
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
68
Each ___ nerve has a specific number, always designated by a Roman numeral, and a name.
The numbers indicate the order in which the nerves exit the ___ from front to back.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
cranial
brain
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
69
Ten of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
brain stem
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 209)
70
In general, the name of the nerve indicates the specific anatomical area served by the nerve.
For example, the ___ nerve (CN ___) serves the eye.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**optic** nerve (CN **II**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
71
While the cranial nerves primarily serve the head, face, and neck region, one pair—the ___—branches extensively and extends throughout the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
vagus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
72
CN VIII
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
Vestibulocochlear
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
73
Cranial nerves perform four general functions that carry different types of information:
* Sensory information for the ___ senses: smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance
* Sensory information for the ___ senses: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
* Motor information that results in ___ of skeletal muscles
* Motor information that results in the secretion of ___ and the ___ of cardiac and smooth muscle
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
special
general
contraction
glands, contraction
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
74
The olfactory nerve (CN I) is a sensory nerve that carries information from the nose to the olfactory areas of the ___ and ___ lobes of the cerebrum.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
temporal
parietal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
75
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is concerned with the sense of smell.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**olfactory** nerve (**CN I**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
76
A person who damages the ___ nerve (CN ___) may lose the sense of smell (___).
In addition, the person may complain of loss of taste because the appeal of food is determined by both taste and smell.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**olfactory** nerve (**CN I**)
anosmia
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
77
The optic nerve (CN II) is a sensory nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the ___ ___ ___ of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
primary visual cortex
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
78
Damage to the ___ nerve (CN ___) causes diminished vision or blindness in the affected eye.
**optic** nerve (**CN II**)
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79
Which nerve is primarily a motor nerve that causes contraction of most of the extrinsic eye muscles, thereby moving the eyeball in its socket?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
80
Which nerve raises the eyelid and constricts the pupil of the eye?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
81
Because the ___ nerve (CN ___) is located close to the hard tentorium within the cranium, it is easily compressed by brain tumors or by increased intracranial pressure.
Compression of the nerve interferes with the ability of the pupil of the eye to respond to light (sluggish pupillary response).
With more severe compression, the pupils may become dilated and fixed.
Compression of ___ nerve (CN ___) also interferes with raising the eyelid; the person experiences ___ of the eyelid.
Observation of the eyes provides excellent clinical clues to neurological status.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**oculomotor** nerve (**CN III**)
**oculomotor** nerve (**CN III**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
82
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is primarily a motor nerve that innervates one of the extrinsic muscles of the eyeball, thereby helping move the eyeball.
Damage may cause double vision and an inability to rotate the eye properly.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**trochlear** nerve (CN **IV**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
83
Which nerve is mixed and has three branches supplying the facial region?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
84
The sensory branches of the ___ nerve (CN ___) carry information from the face, scalp, eye, and teeth to the brain.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**trigeminal** nerve (CN **V**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
85
One of the sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), the ___ branch, detects sensory information from the cornea.
For example, if you touch the surface of the cornea, the ___ branch is stimulated and sends information to the brain.
In response to the corneal irritation, motor fibers of the ___ nerve (CN ___) respond by eliciting blinking and the secretion of tears.
Thus, both the trigeminal and ___ nerves help to relieve the irritation.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
ophthalmic
ophthalmic
**facial** nerve (CN **VII**)
facial
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
86
The motor branch of the ___ nerve (CN ___) innervates the muscles of mastication (chewing).
Nerve damage causes a loss of sensation and impaired movement of the mandible (lower jaw).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
**trigeminal** nerve (**CN V**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 210)
87
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is primarily a motor nerve that, like the trochlear, controls eye movement by innervating only one of the extrinsic eye muscles.
Nerve damage prevents a lateral rotation of the eye; at rest, the eye drifts medially (toward the nose).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 210, 211)
**abducens** nerve (**CN VI**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 210, 211)
88
The facial nerve (CN VII) is a mixed nerve that performs mostly ___ functions.
It is called the nerve of facial expression and allows you to smile, frown, and “make other faces.”
It also stimulates the secretion of ___ and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
motor
saliva, tears
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
89
The ___ nerve (CN ___) innervates the orbicularis oculi, the muscle involved in blinking.
Blinking not only protects the eye from foreign objects, such as dust, but also washes tears over the cornea, thereby keeping the cornea moist and preventing corneal ulceration.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
**facial** nerve (CN **VII**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
90
What is the sensory function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
Taste
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
91
If the facial nerve (CN VII) is damaged and facial expression is absent on the affected side of the face, this condition is called ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
Bell palsy
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
92
Which condition may be very cosmetically distressing because one side of the face may smile and look alive, but the other side of the face sags, drools, and is expressionless?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
Bell palsy
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
93
In ___ ___, salivation and the secretion of tears are diminished, thereby requiring the use of moistening eyedrops to protect the cornea.
Fortunately, ___ ___ most often responds well to steroid therapy.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 211, 212)
Bell palsy
Bell palsy
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 211, 212)
94
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
95
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is a sensory nerve that carries information for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain.
The ___ branch of this nerve is responsible for equilibrium, or balance, and the ___branch is responsible for hearing.
Damage to this nerve may cause loss of hearing or balance or both.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**vestibulocochlear** nerve (CN **VIII**)
vestibular
cochlear
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
96
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is mixed and carries taste sensation from the posterior tongue to the brain.
Motor fibers stimulate the secretion of ___ ___ in the mouth.
Other motor fibers innervate the ___ and aid in swallowing.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**glossopharyngeal** nerve (CN **IX**)
salivary glands
throat
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
97
Which nerve is associated with the gag reflex?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
98
The ___ reflex plays an important role in preventing food and water from entering the respiratory passages.
Normally, when something goes down the wrong way, you ___ and cough until the airway is cleared.
___ is a good thing—and clinically important when depressed.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
gag
gag
Gagging
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
99
A second sensory function of the ___ nerve (CN ___) involves the regulation of blood pressure via the baroreceptor reflex.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**glossopharyngeal** nerve (CN **IX**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
100
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is mixed and innervates the tongue, pharynx (throat), larynx (voicebox), and many organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities (lungs, stomach, intestines).
Nerve damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, and diminished motility of the digestive tract.
Damage to both ___ nerves can be fatal.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**vagus** nerve (CN **X**)
vagus
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
101
The word ___ literally means “wanderer”; the name refers to the far-reaching distribution of this nerve.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
vagus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
102
The sensory fibers of the vagus nerve (CN X) also participate in the regulation of blood pressure via the ___ reflex.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
baroreceptor
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
103
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is primarily a motor nerve that supplies the l sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles, thereby controlling movement of the head and shoulder regions.
Nerve damage impairs your ability to shrug your shoulders and rotate your head.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**accessory** nerve (CN **XI**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
104
The ___ nerve (CN ___) is primarily a motor nerve that controls movement of the tongue, thereby affecting speaking and swallowing activities.
Nerve damage causes the tongue to deviate toward the injured side.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
**hypoglossal** nerve (CN **XII**)
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## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
105
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 211)
106
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
107
A ___ ___ includes simple procedures that test the ability of each cranial nerve to perform their functions.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
neurological assessment
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 212)
108
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
109
The spinal nerves are attached to the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
spinal cord
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
110
Each nerve is attached to the spinal cord by two roots: the ___ root and the ___ root.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
dorsal
ventral
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 213)
111
Sensory nerve fibers from the periphery travel to the cord through the ___ root.
The cell bodies of the sensory fibers are gathered together in the ___ root ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 213, 214)
dorsal
**dorsal** root **ganglia**
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 213, 214)
112
The ___ root is composed of motor fibers.
These motor fibers are distributed to ___ and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
ventral
muscles, glands
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
113
The dorsal (___) and ventral (___) roots are packaged together to form a spinal nerve.
All spinal nerves are ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
sensory, motor
mixed
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
114
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
115
___ pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord.
Each pair is numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
31
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
116
The 31 pairs are grouped as follows: ___ pairs of cervical nerves, ___ pairs of thoracic nerves, ___ pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of ___ nerves, and 1 pair of ___ nerves.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
8
12
5
sacral
coccygeal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
117
The lumbar and sacral nerves at the bottom of the cord extend the length of the spinal cavity before exiting from the vertebral column.
These nerves are called the ___ ___ because they look like a horse’s tail.
The nerves exit from the bony vertebral column through tiny holes in the vertebrae called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
cauda equina
foramina
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
118
As the spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column, they divide into many fibers.
At various points, most nerve fibers converge, or come together again, into nerve ___, or networks.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
plexuses
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
119
The three major nerve plexuses are the ___ plexus, the ___ plexus, and the ___ plexus.
Each plexus sorts out the many fibers and sends them to a specific part of the body.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
cervical
brachial
lumbosacral
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
120
Fibers from the ___ plexus (___ - ___) supply the muscles and skin of the neck.
Motor fibers from this plexus also pass into the phrenic nerve.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
**cervical** plexus (**C1 to C4**).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
121
The ___ nerve stimulates the contraction of the diaphragm, the major breathing muscle.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
phrenic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 214)
122
If the spinal cord is severed below the ___ level, the person is paralyzed but can breathe without ventilator assistance.
If the level of injury is higher, at ___, the phrenic nerve is injured, motor impulses to the diaphragm are interrupted, and the person cannot breathe normally.
This person generally needs the assistance of a ventilator to breathe.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 215, 216)
C5
C2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 215, 216)
123
The nerves that emerge from the ___ plexus (___ to ___, ___) supply the muscles and skin of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
The axillary nerve emerges from this plexus and travels through the shoulder into the arm.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
**brachial** plexus (**C5 to C8, T1**).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
124
The axillary nerve in the shoulder region is susceptible to damage.
For example, a person using crutches should be taught to bear the weight of the body on the hands and not on the armpit or axillary region.
The weight of the body can damage the axillary nerve, causing ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
crutch palsy
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
125
The radial and ulnar nerves, which serve the forearm, wrist, and hand, also emerge from the ___ plexus (___ to ___, ___).
Damage to the radial nerve can cause a wristdrop, and injury to the ulnar nerve causes the hand to appear ___like; the person is unable to spread the fingers apart.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
**brachial** plexus (**C5 to C8, T1**)
claw
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
126
The ___ plexus (___, ___ to ___, ___ to ___) gives rise to nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, buttocks, and lower extremities.
The sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body, arises from this plexus.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
**lumbosacral** plexus (T12, L1 to L5, S1 to S4)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
127
The ___ nerve supplies musculature of the thigh, leg, and foot.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
sciatic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
128
The ___ nerve can become inflamed and cause intense pain in the buttock and posterior thigh region.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
sciatic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
129
A common cause of ___ is a ruptured or herniated vertebral disc.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
sciatica
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
130
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 215)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 215)
131
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 215)
132
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
133
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 217)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 217)
134
A ___ is a sensory thing.
Each dorsal root of a spinal nerve innervates a particular area of the skin; this distribution of nerves is called a ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
dermatome
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
135
Each ___ is named for the particular nerve that serves it.
For example, the C4 ___ is innervated by the C4 spinal nerve.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
dermatome
dermatome
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 216)
136
___ are useful clinically; for example, if the skin of the shoulder region is stimulated with the tip of a pin and the person cannot feel it, the clinician has reason to believe that the C4 nerve is impaired.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 216, 217)
Dermatomes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 216, 217)
137
The ___ classification explains where the nerves go and what they do.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 218)
functional
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 218)
138
The functional classification of the peripheral nervous system includes the following:
* The ___ ___ nerves, which bring sensory information from the different parts of the body, particularly the skin and muscles, to the central nervous system (CNS).
* The ___ ___ nerves, which bring motor information from the central nervous system (CNS) to the skeletal muscles throughout the body.
* The ___ ___ ___ (___) is composed of nerves that supply the organs (viscera), smooth muscle, and glands.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 218)
somatic afferent
somatic efferent
autonomic nervous system (**ANS**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 218)
139
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 217)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 217)
