Skeletal System Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
Which system consists of the bones, joints, and cartilage and ligaments associated with the joints?
A
Skeletal
2
Q
What are arranged to provide a framework for our bodies, giving us our basic shape?
A
Bones
3
Q
Skeleton
A
4
Q
Which extremity portion supports the weight of the body?
A
Lower
5
Q
What supports and protects the soft body organs?
A
Bones
6
Q
Which system enables the body to move about with the assistance of muscles?
A
Skeletal
7
Q
Which two minerals do the bones store?
A
Calcium
Phosphorous
8
Q
What participates in the regulation of plasma calcium?
A
Bones
9
Q
What produces blood cells?
A
Red Bone Marrow
10
Q
What are bones that are longer than they are wide classed?
A
Long
11
Q
What are bones found in the arms, forearms, palms, fingers, thighs, legs, and instep classed?
A
Long
12
Q
What are small bones, such as the metacarpals and finger bones, considered?
A
Long
13
Q
What are bones shaped like cubes and found primarily in the wrists and ankles classed?
A
Short
14
Q
What are bones that are thin, flat, and curved classed?
A
Flat
15
Q
What are bones that form the ribs, breastbone, cranium, and bones of the shoulder girdle classed?
A
Flat
16
Q
What are bones that are differently shaped and are not classified as long, short, or flat?
A
Irregular
17
Q
What bone class includes the hip bones, vertebrae, and various bones in the skull?
A
Irregular
18
Q
Which bone classification, including the strong femur in the thigh, supports a great deal of weight and can withstand considerable force?
A
Long
19
Q
Which bone classification’s function is to encase and protect the brain (the skull)?
A
Flat
20
Q
Bones Classes
A
21
Q
What is bone also called?
A
Osseous Tissue
22
Q
What is the process of bone formation?
A
Ossification
23
Q
What are bone cells?
A
Osteoblasts
24
Q
What secretes an intercellular matrix containing calcium, other minerals, and protein fibers?
A
Osteoblasts
25
What do osteoblasts mature into?
Osteocytes
26
What sits within the hard bone matrix and maintains the bone?
Osteocytes
27
What are the two types of bone?
Compact
Spongy
28
Which bone type refers to dense, hard bone tissue found primarily in the shafts of long bones and on the outer surfaces of other bones?
Compact
29
Which bone type is located primarily at the ends of long bones and in the center of other bones?
Spongy
| Cancellous
30
Which bone type is less dense than compact bone?
Spongy
31
Which bone type is tightly packed, so its density can provide a great deal of strength?
Compact
32
What is the microscopic unit of compact bone?
Harversian System
| Osteon
33
What consists of mature osteocyte layers arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels?
Harversian System
34
What surrounds the area filled with protein fibers, calcium, and other minerals?
Osteocytes
35
Which fibers provide elasticity?
Protein
36
What makes bone tissue hard and strong?
Minerals
37
What looks like a long cylinder?
Haversian System
38
Which bone type consists of many haversian systems running parallel to each other?
Compact
39
Communicating blood vessels run laterally and connect the haversian systems with each other and with the ___ lining that surrounds the bone.
periosteum
40
Which network ensures that bone tissue receives an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients?
Blood Vessels
41
Which bone type does not contain haversian systems?
Spongy
| Cancellous
42
What are the spongy bone plates in which bone tissue is arranged?
Trabeculae
43
What bony plates are separated by holes that give spongy bone a punched-out Swiss cheese appearance?
Trabeculae
44
The holes in spongy bone are important for two reasons:
1) They decrease the ___ of the bone.
2) They contain ___ ___ ___.
weight
red bone marrow
45
What richly supplies the spongy bone with blood and also produces blood cells for use throughout the body?
Red Bone Marrow
46
Which bone type is located in the short, flat, and irregular bones?
Spongy
47
Which bone type is found in the ends of long bones?
Spongy
48
What is the long shaft of a long bone?
Diaphysis
49
What is composed primarily of compact bone and therefore provides considerable strength?
Diaphysis
50
What are the enlarged ends of the long bone?
Epiphysis
51
Which part of a long bone articulates, or meets, with a second bone at a joint?
Epiphysis
52
What consists of a thin layer of compact bone overlying spongy bone?
Epiphysis
53
What covers the epiphyses?
Cartilage
54
What is the band of hyaline cartilage located near the end of a growing long bone?
Epiphyseal Disc
| Growth Plate
55
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
Epiphyseal Disc
56
Which cavity is the hollow center of the diaphysis?
Medullary
57
Which cavity is filled with red bone marrow for blood cell production in infancy?
Medullary
58
Which cavity is filled with yellow bone marrow and functions as a storage site for fat in adults?
Medullary
59
Which connective tissue lines the inside of the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
60
What is a tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis?
Periosteum
61
What is anchored firmly to the outside of the bone on all surfaces except the articular cartilage?
Periosteum
62
What protects the bone, serves as a point of attachment for muscle, and contains the blood vessels that nourish the underlying bone?
Periosteum
63
Which structure injury has serious consequences for bone health because it carries the blood supply to the underlying bone?
Periosteum
## Footnote
As in the case of any other organ, the loss of blood supply can cause its death.
64
Which cartilage is found on the outer surface of the epiphysis?
Articular
65
Which cartiliage forms a smooth, shiny surface that decreases friction within a joint?
Articular
## Footnote
Because a joint is also called an articulation, this cartilage is called articular cartilage.
66
EDIT CARD
Bone
A) Anatomy of a Long Bone
B) Compact and Spongy Bone
67
What is the process of bone formation?
Ossification
68
What begins in the late embryonic period with the formation of fibrous connective tissue and hyaline cartilage that is shaped like a mini skeleton?
Ossification
69
Which process involves the cartilage and connective tissue changing into bone as the fetus matures?
Ossification
70
In which two ways does ossification occur?
Intramembranous
Endochondral
71
Which bone class consists of thin connective tissue membranes in the fetus?
Flat
| Skull
72
What begins when osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, migrate to the region of the flat bones?
Ossification
73
What secretes calcium and other minerals into the spaces between the membranes, thereby forming bone?
Osteoblasts
74
Which type of ossification involves the replacement of thin membrane with bone?
Intramembranous
75
Which type of ossification forms most bones as bone tissue replaces cartilage?
Endochondral
76
Which skeleton is composed largely of cartilage with its layout providing a model for bone formation?
Fetal
77
What invades the cartilage and gradually replaces it with bone as the fetus matures?
Osteoblasts
78
Which ossification continues in each long bone until all, but the articular cartilage and epiphyseal disc, have been replaced by bone?
Endochondral
79
Ossification: Intramembranous & Endochondral
80
Maturation from infancy to adulthood is characterized by two types of bone growth:
1) Bones grow ___ and thus determine the height of an individual.
2) Bones grow thicker and become ___ to support the weight of the adult body.
longitudinally
wider
81
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
Epiphyseal Disc
82
Where does the cartilage adjacent to the epiphysis continue to multiply and grow toward?
Diaphysis
83
What is the cartilage next to the diaphysis invaded by to become ossified?
Osetoblasts
84
What does the epiphyseal disc depend on for continued bone length?
Cartilage
85
Which bone growth ceases when the epiphyseal disc becomes ossified and fused?
Longitudinal
86
Which two hormones effect the epiphyseal disc?
Growth
Sex
87
Which hormone stimulates growth at the epiphyseal disc, making the child taller?
Growth
88
Which horomones cause the epiphyseal disc to fuse, thereby inhibiting further longitudinal growth?
Sex
| Estrogen & Testosterone
89
What is the process of bones continuously being reshaped?
Remodeling
90
What is accomplished by the combined actions of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, and osteoclasts, which are bone-destroying cells?
Remodeling
91
What is on the undersurface of the periosteum that continuously deposits bone on the external bone surface?
Osteoblasts
92
Which activity is like the work of a bricklayer?
Osteoblasts
| Osteoblastic
93
What breaks down bone tissue, thereby hollowing out the bone's interior, on the inner bone surface surrounding the medullary cavity?
Osteoclasts
94
Which activity is like sculpting?
Osteoclasts
| Osteoclastic
95
Which process involves osteoclasts breaking down the bone matrix?
Resorption
96
What not only widens bone but also moves calcium from the bone to the blood?
Resorption
97
What plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood calcium levels?
Resorption
98
Factors that stimulate bone growth are ___ bearing and ___; both activities keep calcium in the bone and increase bone mass.
weight
exercise
99
What appears irregular and bumpy as a result of numerous ridges, projections, depressions, and grooves on the bones?
Surface Markings
100
Which bone markings stick out and serve as points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments?
Projecting
101
Which bone markings are the grooves and depressions that form the routes traveled by blood vessels and nerves as they pass over and through the bones and joints?
Projecting
102
Which projections and depressions help form joints?
Projecting
103
The rounded head of the proximal arm bone fits into a round ___ in a shoulder bone, forming the shoulder joint.
depression
104
105
Which fracture is a break in which the overlying skin remains intact and local tissue damage is minimal?
Simple
106
Which fracture is a broken bone that has pierced the skin, and the end of the broken bone usually causes extensive tissue damage?
Compound
107
Which fracture is concerned with the risk of infection?
Compound
108
Which fracture is an incomplete break in the bone and usually occurs in children?
Greenstick
109
Which fracture's line extends in a spiral direction along the diaphysis and is caused when the bone is subjected to a twisting type of force?
Spiral
110
Which fracture has more than two small bone fragments that seem to be floating?
Comminuted
111
Which fracture is comminuted in which the two parts of the broken bone have been jammed into each other?
Impacted
112
Common Types of Fracture
113
What is a meeting site between two bones, between a bone and cartilage, and between a bone and teeth?
Joint
| Articulation or Arthrosis
114
Joints perform two functions: they hold the ___ together and provide ___ to a rigid skeleton.
bones
flexibility
115
Which branch of science studies joints?
Arthrology
116
Which branch of medicine studies disease of the joints?
Rheumatology
117
What are the three joint classes?
Immovable
Slightly Moveable
Freely Movable
118
Joints can also be classified anatomically according to tissue types ___, ___, or ___ - that bind the bones at the joint.
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
## Footnote
This text prefers the functional classification.
119
Which joint class permits no movement?
Immovable
120
Which joint class are the sutures in the skull?
Immovable
121
By which connective tissue are the sutures, formed as the irregular edges of the skull bones, interlocked?
Fibrous
122
Which joint class provides much flexibility and movement?
Freely Movable
123
Which class are most of the joints of the skeletal system?
Freely Movable
124
What are freely movable joints know as?
Synovial
125
What is the most prominent characteristic of a synovial joint?
Synovial Cavity
| Joint Cavity
126
What is the small space between the articulating bones?
Synovial Cavity
127
A typical synovial joint, such as the knee, includes the following structures:
* ___ cartilage
* Joint ___
* ___ fluid
* ___
* Supporting ___ and ___
* ___
Articular
capsule
Synovial
Bursae
ligaments, menisci
Nerves
128
Which cartilage lines the articulating surface of each of the two bones, forming a smooth surface within the joint?
Articular
129
Which cartilage reduces friction and exerts a cushioning effect within the joint?
Articular
130
Which connective tissue makes the joint capsule?
Fibrous
131
What encloses the joint in a strong sleeve-like covering?
Joint Capsule
| Articular Capsule
132
The outermost layer of the capsule is continuous with the ___ of the articulating bones.
The innermost layer is called the ___ ___; it secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity.
periosteum
synovial membrane
133
Which fluid nourishes and lubricates the inner joint surfaces in the joint cavity?
Synovial
134
Which fluid gets its name from an ovum or egg because the thick consistency resembles the consistency of an egg white?
Synovial
## Footnote
Warming-up exercises stimulate the secretion of synovial fluid, thereby reducing wear and tear within the joints.
135
What do some synovial joints, like the shoulder and knee joints, contain?
Bursae
136
What are small sacs of synovial fluid that serve to reduce friction?
Bursae
137
What are most often located outside the joint, between tendons and bone, muscles and bone, and between ligaments and bone?
Bursae
138
What supporting component surrounds the joint?
Ligaments
139
What supporting ligaments are found on the sides of the knee?
Collateral
140
What supporting ligaments (anterior and posterior) are found inside the knee joint?
Cruciate
141
What are the crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage that some synoival joints contain?
Menisci
142
What acts as shock absorbers and plays a role on weight distribution within the joint?
Menisci
143
What do the synovial joint's nerve endings supply?
Joint Capsule
| Articular Capsule
144
Some nerve endings convey ___ to the brain and spinal cord.
Other nerve endings respond to ___; this information is used by the nervous system to reflexively coordinate skeletal muscle movement.
pain
stretch
145
EDIT THIS CARD
Types of Joints
146
The joints of the body are often named according to the ___ they connect.
bones
147
Which joint connects the temporal bone in the skull with the mandible (lower jaw)?
Temporomandibular
148
Which joint is the articulation between the tibia and the femur - the knee?
Tibiofemoral
149
The knuckles refer to the ___ joints.
The name indicates that the ___ bone articulates with a ___ (finger).
metacarpophalangeal
metacarpal
phalange
150
Some joint names specify the bony ___ rather than the bone.
For example, the ___ joint names the glenoid cavity of the scapula and humerus, the arm bone that fits into the glenoid cavity.
The ___ joint is the articulation between the acromion ___ of the scapula and the clavicle.
process
glenohumeral
acromioclavicular
process
151
Naming of Joints
152
Which freely movable joint class allows movement similar to the movement of two boards joined together at the point of attachment?
Hinge
153
Which freely movable joint class allows movement in one direction, where the angle at the point of attachment increases or decreases?
Hinge
154
Which freely movable joint class includes elbows, knees, and fingers?
Hinge
155
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another bone, allowing the bones to move in many directions around a central point?
Ball-and-Socket
156
Which freely movable joint class includes the shoulder and hip?
Ball-and-Socket
157
The head of the humerus fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula in the shoulder joint.
glenoid
158
The head of the femur fits into the ___ of the coxal bone in the hip joint.
acetabulum
159
Which freely movable joint class allows for rotation around the length of a bone?
Pivot
160
Which freely movable joint class allows only for rotation?
Pivot
161
Which freely movable joing class allows for the side-to-side movement of the head indicating “no?”
Pivot
162
The side-to-side movement of the head occurs as the ___ (first cervical vertebra) swivels around, or pivots, on the ___ (second cervical vertebra).
This joint is called the ___ joint.
atlas
axis
atlantoaxial
163
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the surfaces of one bone is concave whereas the other is convex?
Saddle
164
Which freely movable joint class is the carpometacarpal at the base of the thumb, which gives the thumb a wide range of motion?
Saddle
165
Which freely movable joint class is formed by the interaction of the flat surfaces of the articulating bones?
Gliding
166
Which freely movable joint class allows for a limited but complex movement?
Gliding
167
Which freely movable joint type is found in the wrist (intercarpal), ankle (intertarsal), and vertebral column?
Gliding
168
Which freely movable joint class is formed when the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone?
Condyloid
169
Which freely movable joint class are the radiocarpal (wrist) and the metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) at the bases of the fingers?
Condyloid
170
Types of Joints
171
Freely Movable Joints
172
Which synovial joint is the largest and most complex freely movable joint in the body?
Tibiofemoral
| Knee Joint
173
Which freely movable joint class is the tibiofemoral?
Hinge
174
Which joint contains extra cushioning in the form of pads of cartilage in addition to all other synovial joint structures?
Tibiofemoral
175
Which pads absorb the shock of walking and jumping?
Menisci
176
What are crescent-shaped pads of cartilage?
Meniscus
177
What are the two meniscus that rest on the tibia?
Medial
Lateral
178
What are the supporting ligaments that reinforce and align the knee joint?
Cruciate
179
What are the two cruciate ligaments?
Anterior
Posterior
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
180
In addition to the stabilizing influence of the joint ligaments, joints are stabilized by the surrounding large skeletal ___.
muscles
181
EDIT
Synovial Joint (Knee) Structures
182
The shoulder joint is called the ___ joint, indicating that the head of the humerus fits into the ___ cavity of the scapula.
glenohumeral
glenoid
183
Where does a ball-and-socket joint permit the greatest range of motion?
Shoulder
184
Which muscles and tendons hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity?
Rotator Cuff
185
Which hinge joint is formed by two articulations: the humeroulnar and the humeroradial?
Elbow
186
Which ulna process forms the pointy part of the elbow when it is flexed?
Olecranon
187
Which hinge joint is very stable but can still be injured?
Elbow
## Footnote
T
188
Which joint in the elbow region does not contribute to the hinge movement?
Proximal Radioulnar
189
The ___, called the ___ joint, is a ball-and-socket joint formed where the head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum, the depression formed by the three ___ bones.
hip
coxal x 2
| Hip Joint
190
What occurs at freely movable joints when the muscles that lie across the joints contract and exert pressure on the attached bone?
Movement
191
Which movement is the bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones (e.g., bending the leg at the knee or the fingers)?
Flexion
192
Which movement is the straightening of a joint so that the angle between the bones increases (e.g., straightening the leg at the knee or the fingers to open the hand)?
Extension
193
Which movement is bending the foot down, as in toe dancing?
Plantar Flexion
194
Which movement is bending the foot up toward the leg?
Dorsiflexion
195
Which movement is overextending the joint beyond its normally straightened position, as in moving the hand toward the upper surface of the wrist?
Hyperextension
196
What is movement away from the midline of the body (as when you move your leg sideways, away from your body)?
Abduction
197
What is movement toward the midline of the body (as when you return your leg toward your body)?
Adduction
198
Which movement is turning the sole of the foot inward so that it faces the opposite foot?
Inversion
199
Which movement is turning the sole of the foot outward?
Eversion
200
Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces upward?
Supination
201
Which movement is turning the hand so that the palm faces downward?
Pronation
202
What is a combination of movements, as in the circular arm movement that a softball pitcher makes while pitching the ball?
Circumduction
203
Types of Movements at Joints
204
Spongy Bone
Cancellous
205
Osteon
Haversian System
206
Osteon
Haversian System
207
Where are the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones?
Cranium
208
Where are the maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, mandible, lacrimal, nasal, inferior concha, and vomer bones?
Facial
209
Where are the malleus, incus, and stapes bones?
Middle Ear
210
Where is the hyoid bone?
Neck
211
Where are the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; sacrum and coccyx?
Vertebral Column
212
Where are the true and false ribs; and sternum?
Thoracic Cage
213
Where are the scapula and clavicle?
Pectoral Girdle
