Anatomy of the Heart

Question 1

What root refers to the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 1

Cardio

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 2

What is the heart’s study with regard to diagnosis and treatments?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 2

Cardiology

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 3

What organ is hollow and muscular?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 3

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 4

What muscle pumps to force blood through blood vessels, providing every cell in the body with vital nutrients and oxygen?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 4

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 5

The heart pumps an average of ___ times each minute for life’s entirety.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 5

72

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 6

The adult heart is about the size of a closed fist and weighs less than ___ lb.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 6

1

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 7

What sits in the thoracic cavity within the lower mediastinum, between the lungs, and behind the sternum?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 7

Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 8

Two-thirds of the heart is located to the ___ of the sternum’s midline and one-third is located to the ___.

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 8

left

right

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 9

What is the flat and upper heart portion, located at the second rib?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 9

Base

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 10

What is the heart’s lower and pointed end, located at the fifth intercostal space?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 10

Apex

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 11

What is the anterior chest wall area that overlays the heart and great vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Answer 11

Precordium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 310)

Question 12

Location of the Heart

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 12

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 13

What are the heart’s three tissue layers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 13

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 14

What is the heart’s innermost layer?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 14

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 15

Which layer lines the valves and is continuous with the blood vessels that enter and leave the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 15

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 16

Which layer’s smooth, shiny surface allows blood to flow over it easily?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 16

Endocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 17

What is the heart’s middle and thickest layer?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Answer 17

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 311)

Question 18

Which layer is composed of cardiac muscle, which contracts as it pumps blood through the blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 311, 312)

Answer 18

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 pp. 311, 312)

Question 19

Which layer’s fibers are striated and interconnected in a way that encourages rapid spread of electrical signal over it and a well-coordinated and forceful muscle contraction?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 19

Myocardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 20

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 20

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 21

What is the slinglike structure that supports the heart?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 21

Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 22

What attaches the heart to surrounding structures, such as the diaphragm and large blood vessels?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 22

Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 23

What are the pericardium’s three layers?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 23

Epicardium (Viseral Pericardium)

Parietal Pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 24

What is the innermost pericardium layer (closest to the heart)?

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 24

Epicardium

(Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 25

What folds back and becomes the parietal pericardium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 25

Epicardium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 26

What attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium, which anchors the heart to its surrounding structures? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 26

Parietal Pericardium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 27

What is between the visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 27

Pericardial Space (Pericardial Cavity) | Pericardial Cavity ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 28

Pericardial membranes are serous membranes that secrete a small amount of slippery serous fluid (___ to ___ mL) into the pericardial space. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 28

10 30 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 29

What lubricates the pericardial membrane surfaces, allowing them to slide past one another with little friction or rubbing? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 29

Pericardial Fluid | Serous Fluid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 30

Layers of the Heart ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Answer 30

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 312)

Question 31

What enables the heart to pump blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 31

Myocardium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 32

What is a double pump that beats as one? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 32

Heart ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 33

Pumps are the ___ heart and the ___ heart. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 33

right left ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 34

Which heart receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae, large veins that collect blood from all parts of the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 34

Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 35

Where does the blue-coloured right heart pump blood to be oxygenated? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 35

Lungs ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 36

Which path follows blood from the heart's right side to and through the lungs and back to the heart's left side? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 36

Pulmonary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 37

Which path pumps blood through the lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 37

Pulmonary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 38

___ diffuses from the lungs into the blood for delivery to the tissues, whereas ___ ___ diffuses from the blood into the lungs for excretion. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 38

Oxygen carbon dioxide ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 39

Which heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to all the organs of the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 39

Left ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 40

Which heart is red because it contains oxygenated blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 40

Left ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 41

Which path follows blood from the left heart to all the organs of the body and back to the right heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 41

Systemic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 42

Which circulation path is larger? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 42

Systemic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 43

Double Pump and Two Circulations ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Answer 43

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 313)

Question 44

What are the heart's four chambers? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 44

Atria x 2 Ventricles x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 45

Which two upper chambers receive blood? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 45

Atria | Left & Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 46

Which two lower chambers pump blood out of the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 46

Ventricles | Left & Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 47

By which two septa are the left and right heart separted? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 47

Interatrial Interventricular ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 48

Which septum separates the two atria? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 48

Interatrial ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 49

Which septum separates the two ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 49

Interventricular ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 50

All structures that carry unoxygenated blood (right heart) are coloured ___. All structures (left heart) that carry oxygenated blood are coloured ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 50

blue red ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 51

What cavity is thin-walled and receives unoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 51

Right Atrium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 52

What collects blood from the head and upper body region? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 52

Superior Vena Cava ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 53

What receives blood from the lower parts of the body? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 53

Inferior Vena Cava ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 54

Which chamber receives unoxygenated blood from the right atrium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 54

Right Ventricle ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 55

Which chamber pumps blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 55

Right Ventricle ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 56

What is a thin-walled cavity that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 56

Left Atrium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 57

Which small, ear-shaped sac is in the left atrial wall? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 57

Left Atrial Appendage ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 58

What has an unclear function, but is a site of thrombus formation in persons with atrial fibrillation and therefore is sometimes clipped off surgically? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 58

Left Atrial Appendage ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 59

Which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 59

Left Ventricle ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 60

Which chamber pumps blood into systemic circulation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 60

Left Ventricle ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 61

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the ___, the largest artery of the body. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 61

aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 62

Which layer is thicker in the ventricles as compared with the thinner atrial muscle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 62

Myocardial ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 63

Which chambers are the myocardial muscles thicker in to create enough force to pump blood out of the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 63

Ventricles ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 64

___ ventricular myocardium is thicker than ___ ventricular myocardium. This difference is the result of the greater force required to pump blood into systemic circulation (___). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 64

left right aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 65

Which muscle's thickness reflects the amount of work it performs? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 65

Myocardium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 66

If a ventricle is forced to overwork, it will eventually enlarge—a condition called ventricular ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 66

hypertrophy ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 67

A chronically hypertensive (high blood pressure) person generally develops left ventricular ___. High blood pressure in the ___ makes it more difficult for the left ventricle to pump blood into the ___. The left ventricle works harder and therefore enlarges, or ___. If the blood pressure is not lowered, the left ventricle will eventually weaken and fail as a pump. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 67

hypertrophy aorta x 2 hypertrophies ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 68

A person with pulmonary artery hypertension develops right ventricular ___ and right heart failure. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 68

hypertrophy ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 69

What are the five (large) great vessels attached to the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Answer 69

Superior Venae Cavae Inferior Venae Cavae Pulmonary Trunk (Left & Right Pulmonary Arteries) Pulmonary Veins x 4 Aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 314)

Question 70

Heart Chambers and Great Vessels ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 70

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 71

Heart ___ keep blood flowing in a forward direction. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 71

valves ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 72

What lies at the ventricle's entrances and exits? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 72

Valves ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 73

What are the four heart valves? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 73

Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) x 2 Semilunar Valves x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 74

Which valves are located between the atria and the ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 74

Atrioventricular (AV) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 75

Through which valves does blood flow from the atria into the ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 75

Atrioventricular (AV) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 76

What are the entry valves because they allow blood to enter the ventricles and also look like basketball nets? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 76

Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 77

Which valves have cusps that resemble a half-moon? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 77

Semilunar | Semi- means “half,” lunar means “moon”. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 78

Which valves control blood outflow from the right and left ventricles and are therefore exit valves? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 78

Semilunar ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 79

Atrioventricular valves (AV Valves) are located between the ___ and the ___ on each heart side. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Answer 79

atria ventricles ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 315)

Question 80

When ventricles are ___, ___ hang loosely within the ventricles; in this position, the valves are open and permit blood flow from the atria into the ventricles. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 80

relaxed cusps ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 81

What closes atrioventricular valves (AV valves)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 81

Pressure ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 82

When ventricles ___, the heart muscle compresses or squeezes the blood in the ventricles. The blood then gets behind and pushes the ___ upward toward the atria, into a closed position. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 82

contract cusps ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 83

Closed atrioventricular valves (AV valves) prevent backward blood flow from the ___ to the ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 83

ventricles atria ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 84

What stops cusps from being pushed completely through the openings into the atria as ventricle pressure increases during muscle contraction? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 84

Chordae Tendineae ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 85

What are the tough fibrous tissue bands that attach cusps to ventricular walls? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 85

Chordae Tendineae ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 86

What are attached to papillary muscles in ventricular walls? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 86

Chordae Tendineae ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 87

What are the muscles that contract to pull on chordae tendineae when blood pushes cusps into a closed position? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 87

Papillary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 88

Stretched ___ ___ hold on to the cusps and prevent them from “blowing” through into the atria, like a storm-blown inside-out umbrella. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 88

chordae tendineae ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 89

Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 89

Right Atrioventricular (AV) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 90

What is the right atrioventricular (AV) valve called because it has three cusps? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 90

Tricuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 91

Which valve is open when blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 91

Tricuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 92

Which valve closes and prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 92

Tricuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 93

Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 93

Left Atrioventricular (AV) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 94

What is the left atrioventricular (AV) valve called because it has two cusps? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 94

Bicuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 95

What is the left atrioventricular valve (AV valve) known as because it resembles a bishop’s mitre—a hat with two flaps? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 95

Mitral ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 96

Which valve is open when blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 96

Mitral ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 97

Which valve closes and prevents the flow of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Answer 97

Left Atrioventricular (AV) | Mitral / Bicuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 316)

Question 98

What are the two semilunar valves (exit valves)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 98

Pulmonic Aortic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 99

The pulmonic semilunar valve is also called the ___ semilunar valve. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 99

right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 100

Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 100

Pulmonic Semilunar ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 101

Which valve is in a closed position when the right ventricle relaxes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 101

Pulmonic Semilunar ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 102

When the right ventricle contracts, thus increasing intraventricular ___, blood from the ventricle forces the ___ valve open. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 102

pressure pulmonic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 103

What is the large vessel that carries the blood from the right ventricle to the right and left pulmonary arteries and lungs? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 103

Pulmonary Trunk ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 104

What snaps closed and prevents any blood from returning to the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk when the right ventricle relaxes? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 104

Pulmonic Valve ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 105

The aortic semilunar valve is also called the ___ semilunar valve. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 105

left ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 106

Which valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 106

Aortic Semilunar ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 107

When the left ventricle ___, the valve is in a closed position. When the left ventricle ___, thus increasing intraventricular pressure, blood from the ventricles forces the ___ valve open and flows into the ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 107

relaxes contracts aortic aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 108

When the left ventricle ___, the ___ valve snaps closed and prevents any blood backflow from the ___ into the ventricle. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 108

relaxes aortic aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 109

What causes semilunar valves close? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 109

Pressure ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 110

Semilunar valves close when pressure in the ___ ___ and the ___ becomes greater than the pressure in the relaxed ventricles. Blood in these large blood vessels gets behind the valve cusps, snapping them closed. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 110

pulmonary trunk aorta ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 111

Which valves prevent blood backflow from the pulmonary trunk and aorta into the ventricles when closed? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 111

Semilunar ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 112

Heart Valves

Answer 112

Question 113

Which sounds are made by valve closure vibrations? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 113

Heart | "Lubb-dupp, lubb-dupp” ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 114

Which sounds change when valves become faulty? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 114

Heart ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 115

What are abnormal heart sounds? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 115

Murmurs ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 116

What can be heard through a stethoscope placed over the chest wall? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 116

Heart Sounds ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 117

What is the first heart sound (the “lubb”)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 117

S1 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 118

Which heart sound is caused by atrioventricular (AV) valve closure at the beginning of ventricular contraction? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 118

S1 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 119

Which heart sound is best heard over the apex of the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 119

S1 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 120

What is second heart sound (the “dupp”) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 120

S2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 121

Which heart sound is caused by semilunar valve closure at the beginning of ventricular relaxation? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 121

S2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 122

Which heart sound can be heard best at the base of the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 122

S2

Question 123

What two heart sounds can made by drumming two fingers on a table? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 123

S1 S2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 124

What are the two extra heart sounds that can sometimes be heard due to vibrations caused by the rapid blood flow into the ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 124

S3 S4 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 125

What two heart sounds cause a "gallop rhythm" when both occur? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 125

S3 S4 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 126

Unoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the ___ ____ ___ and ___ ___ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 126

superior venae cava inferior venae cava ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 127

Blood flows through the ___ valve into the right ventricle. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 127

tricuspid ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 128

From the right ventricle, blood flows through the ___ ___ into the ___ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 128

pulmonic valve pulmonary trunk ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 129

The pulmonary trunk branches into the right and left ___ ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Answer 129

pulmonary arteries ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 317)

Question 130

What carries unoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 317, 318)

Answer 130

Pulmonary Arteries | Left & Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 317, 318)

Question 131

Where does blood release carbon dioxide as waste and pick up a fresh oxygen supply? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 131

Lungs ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 132

Oxygenated blood flows through four ___ ___ from the lungs into the left atrium. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 132

pulmonary veins ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 133

From the left atrium, blood flows through the ___ (or ___) valve into the left ventricle. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 133

bicuspid mitral ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 134

Left ventricular contraction forces blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for distribution to ___ circulation. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 134

systemic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 135

# Start: Right Atrium The Heart's Blood Flow and Pulmonary Circulation ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 135

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 136

Although blood contantly flows through the heart, it does not norish the ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 136

Myocardium ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 137

The blood supply that nourishes and oxygenates the myocardium is provided by the ____ arteries. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 137

coronary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 138

What arteries are called so because they resemble a crown encircling the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 138

Coronary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 139

What arteries arise from the base of the ascending aorta, just distal to the aortic semilunar valve? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 139

Coronary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 140

What are the two main coronary arteries? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 140

Left & Right | Coronary Arteries ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 141

Which coronary artery nourishes the right side of the heart, especially the right ventricle? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 141

Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 142

Which coronary artery supplies blood to parts of the electrical conduction system, including the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 142

Right ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 143

What two nodes are important in establishing normal heart rate and rhythm? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 143

Sinoatrial (SA) Atrioventricular (AV) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 144

What artery branches into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the circumflex artery? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 144

Left Coronary ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 145

What two coronary arteries carry blood to the heart's left side, especially the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 145

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Circumflex ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 146

What collects blood that nourishes the myocardium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 146

Coronary Veins ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 147

Coronary veins carry blood to the coronary ___, which empties blood into the right atrium. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Answer 147

sinus ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 318)

Question 148

Coronary blood flow has three important characteristics: 1. Coronary blood flow can ___. 2. Coronary blood flow is greatest during myocardial ___. 3. Coronary arteries can form ___, or multiple connections between the arteries. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Answer 148

increase relaxation anastomoses ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Question 149

The heart must have a constant supply of oxygenated blood. Under resting conditions, the heart muscle removes almost all oxygen from blood flowing through the ___ arteries. Thus, if the heart needs more oxygen, the ___ arteries ___ and blood flow increases. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Answer 149

coronary x 2 dilate ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Question 150

With exertion, coronary blood flow can increase up to ___ times in the normal heart. However, coronary arteries that have severe fatty plaque buildup are usually maximally dilated at ___. With exertion, coronary blood flow cannot increase, and the myocardium experiences ___ deprivation. Thus patients with coronary artery disease will often experience pain (___) with exertion. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Answer 150

nine rest oxygen angina ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 pp. 318, 319)

Question 151

Myocardium contraction externally compresses or squeezes the coronary arteries, thereby cutting off blood flow. When the heart muscle___, the coronary arteries open, thereby restoring blood flow. When the ___ phase is shortened, as in a “racing heart,” coronary blood flow decreases and the myocardial cells may experience signs of ___ deprivation, causing chest pain (___). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Answer 151

relaxes relaxation oxygen angina ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Question 152

What are multiple connections between the arteries? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Answer 152

Anastomoses ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Question 153

What allows blood to flow around an artery that is blocked? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Answer 153

Anastomoses ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Question 154

Additional collateral blood vessels develop in response to chronic diminished coronary blood flow, as often occurs with aging and chronic coronary artery disease. For this reason, older persons often experience (less/more) myocardial damage from a heart attack than younger persons. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Answer 154

less ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Question 155

Blood Supply to the Heart: Coronary Blood Vessels ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Answer 155

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 319)

Question 156

Dead myocardial cells leak enzymes into blood, causing plasma elevations of cardiac enzymes such as ___ ___ (CPK), ___ ___ (AST), and ___ ___ (LDH). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 156

creatine phosphokinase aspartate aminotransferase lactic dehydrogenase ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 157

Which regulator myocardial protein leaks out of the necrotic myocardium into the blood during myocardial cell death? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 157

Troponin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 158

Which three enzymes and one protein are indicative of myocardial infarction (MI) when elevated in plasma? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 158

Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) Troponin ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 159

What is the cardiac system that initiates an electrical signal and then moves that signal along a special pathway through the heart? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 159

Conduction ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 160

What is the cardiac system that provides the stimulus (cardiac impulse) for muscle contraction and coordinates the pumping activity of the atria and ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 160

Conduction ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 161

First, both atria must contract, forcing blood into the relaxed ___. Then, the ___ contract, forcing blood out of the heart. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 161

ventricles x 2 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 162

What is located within the heart walls and septa? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 162

Conduction System ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 163

What are the conduction system's four structures? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 163

Sinoatrial (SA) Node Atrial Conducting Fibers Atrioventricular (AV) Node His-Purkinje System ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 164

What is located in the right atrium's upper posterior wall? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 164

Sinoatrial (SA) Node ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 165

What is the electrical signal that originates within the sinoatrial (SA) node? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 165

Cardiac Impulse ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 166

The sinoatrial (SA) node fires a cardiac impulse 60 to 100 times per minute (average, ___ times per minute). ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 166

72 ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 167

Because the firing of the sinoatrial (SA) node sets the rate at which the heart beats, or contracts and relaxes, it is called the heart's ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 167

pacemaker ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 168

What is an electrical signal that originates outside of the sinoatrial (SA) node considered? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Answer 168

Ectopic ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 320)

Question 169

The cardiac impulse spreads from the sinoatrial (SA) node through both atria along the ___ ___ ___. The signal also spreads to the atrioventricular (AV) node. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 169

atrial conducting fibers ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 170

What is located in the right atrium's floor, near the interatrial septum? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 170

Atrioventricular (AV) Node ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 171

The purpose of the atrioventricular (AV) node is twofold: (1) it acts as a path for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atrial conducting fibers into the ___ ___ of ___, and (2) the atrioventricular (AV) node slows the cardiac impluse as it moves through the atrioventricular (AV) node into the ___ of ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 171

**ventricular bundle **of **His** **bundle** of **His** ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 172

The slowing of the ___ ___ by the atrioventricular (AV) node is important because it delays ventricular activation and gives the relaxed ventricle time to fill with blood during atrial contraction. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 172

cardiac impulse ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 173

The cardiac impulse enters the ___ of ___, specialized conduction tissue located in the interventricular septum. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 173

**bundle** of **His** ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 174

What two branches divide the bundle of His? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 174

Left & Right | Bundle Branches ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 175

What sends out numerous long fibers called Purkinje fibers? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 175

Bundle Branches ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 176

Which fibers are distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 176

Purkinje ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 177

Which fibres conduct the cardiac impulse very rapidly throughout the ventricles, thereby ensuring a coordinated contraction of both ventricles? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 177

Purkinje ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 178

Conduction System of the Heart ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 178

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 179

Pathway Followed by a Cardiac Impulse ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 179

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 180

What refers to the ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to generate electrical signals without input from extrinsic nerves of the central nervous system? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 180

Automaticity ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 181

What is the heart said to have because cardiac tissue fires a cardiac impulse regularly? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 181

Rhythmicity ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 182

Where can heart rate rhythmicity be felt? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Answer 182

Radial (Wrist) | Pulse ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 321)

Question 183

There are many other pacemaker cells within the heart, but they fire at a slower rate. For example, when the sinoatrial (SA) node fails to function as a pacemaker, the atrioventricular (AV) node takes over and fires at a slower rate of ___ to ___ beats/min. Sometimes the ___ assume the pacemaker role and fire at a much slower rate of 30 to 40 beats/min. Impaired pacemaker activity is common and often requires the insertion of an artificial pacemaker. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 183

40, 60 ventricles ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 184

The cardiac impulse that stimulates muscle contraction is an ___ signal. The entire ___ activity of the heart is measured by placing electrodes on the surface of the chest and attaching the electrodes to a recording device. The record of these ___ signals is called an ___. ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 184

electrical x 3 electrocardiogram ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 185

What are the three electrocardiogram (ECG) components? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 185

P Wave QRS T Wave ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 186

What reflects the electrical activity associated with atrial depolarization? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 186

P Wave ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 187

What reflects electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 187

QRS Complex ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 188

What precedes and triggers heart muscle contraction? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 188

Depolarization ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 189

What reflects the electrical activity associated with ventricular repolarization? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 189

T Wave ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 190

Which interval represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria (P wave) to the ventricles (QRS complex)? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 190

P - R ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 191

Other measurements include the width of the ___ ___ and the length of the S -T interval.

Answer 191

QRS complex

Question 192

What means that the electrocardiogram (ECG) appears normal and that the impulse originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node? ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 192

Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR) ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Question 193

Electrocardiogram ## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)

Answer 193

## Footnote (Herlihy, 2020 p. 322)