Reproductive System Flashcards
Barbara Herlihy. (2020). The Human Body in Health and Illness (7th Edition) [Texidium version]. Retrieved from http://texidium.com (239 cards)
1
Q
Human reproduction is ___, meaning that both a female and male partner are required.
In contrast, reproduction in single-cell organisms is ___, meaning that no partner is required.
They simply divide by themselves.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
sexual
asexual
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
2
Q
The reproductive system performs two functions: it produces, nurtures, and transports ___ and ___ and it secretes ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
ova
sperm
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
3
Q
The reproductive organs include the ___ reproductive organs and the ___ reproductive organs.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
primary
secondary
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
4
Q
What are the primary reproductive organs?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
Gonads
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
5
Q
The female gonads are the ___; the male gonads are the ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
ovaries
testes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
6
Q
The gonads perform two functions: they secrete ___, and they produce the ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
hormones
gametes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
7
Q
The gametes are the ___ (___) and the ___.
All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system are ___, or ___, reproductive organs.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
ova (eggs), sperm
secondary, accessory
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
8
Q
The ___ reproductive structures nourish and transport the eggs and sperm.
They also provide a safe and nourishing environment for the fertilized eggs.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
secondary
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
9
Q
The male reproductive system performs three roles: it produces, nourishes, and transports ___; it deposits the ___ within the female reproductive tract; and it secretes ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
sperm x 2
hormones
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
10
Q
The ___, or ___, are the male gonads.
They perform two functions: the production of ___ and the secretion of the male hormone ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
testes, testicles
sperm, testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
11
Q
The two oval testes are located outside the abdominal cavity and are suspended in a sac between the thighs called the ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
scrotum
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
12
Q
What begins development within the abdominal cavity but normally descends into the scrotum during the last 2 months of fetal development?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
A
Testes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 491)
13
Q
Undescended testicles (___) are associated with infertility because sperm cannot live at body temperature; instead, they prefer the cooler temperature of the scrotum.
To avoid infertility, a surgeon pulls the undescended testicles into the scrotum.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
A
cryptorchidism
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
14
Q
When the outside environmental temperature becomes excessively cold during the winter months, the scrotum, with the assistance of the ___ muscle, pulls the testes close to the body, thereby keeping the sperm toasty, happy, and motile.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
A
cremaster
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
15
Q
The testis is divided into about 250 smaller units called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
A
lobules
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
16
Q
Each lobule contains seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells (also called ___ cells).
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 493, 494)
A
Leydig
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 493, 494)
17
Q
The tightly coiled ___ ___ form sperm.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
seminiferous tubules
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
18
Q
The interstitial cells lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce the male hormones called ___.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
androgens
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
19
Q
What is the most important androgen?
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
Testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
20
Q
The ___ produce both sperm and testosterone.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
Testes
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
21
Q
Under the influence of ___ and ___, a man makes millions of sperm each day.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
gonadotropins
testosterone
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
22
Q
___ production begins at puberty and continues throughout life.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
Sperm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
23
Q
___ are formed by the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
Sperm
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
24
Q
The seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells: ___ cells (cells that produce sperm) and ___ cells (cells that support, nourish, and regulate the ___ cells).
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
A
spermatogenic
supporting
spermatogenic
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
25
Which cells are also called sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Supporting
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
26
What refers to the formation of sperm within the seminiferous tubules?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Spermatogenesis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
27
The undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
spermatogonia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
28
Each spermatogonium contains ___ chromosomes (the ___ number), the normal number of chromosomes for human body cells.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
46
diploid
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
29
The spermatogonium in the seminiferous tubules undergoes ___, thereby producing two identical daughter cells (daughter cell A and daughter cell B); each daughter cell having ___ chromosomes.
Daughter cell A remains in the seminiferous tubules as a stem cell and source of future spermatogonia.
Daughter cell B differentiates into a primary spermatocytes, still retaining ___ chromosomes.
The primary spermatocytes undergo ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
mitosis, 46
46
meiosis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
30
During ___, genetic information is swapped and rearranged along the chromosomes, thereby creating considerable genetic variation in the population.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
meiosis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
31
Meiosis causes a reduction in chromosomal number from 46 (___ number) to 23 (___ number).
The reduction in the chromosomal number is important because upon fertilization (the union of the ___ having 23 chromosomes and ___, having 23 chromosomes), the chromosomal number of the human body cell is restored to 46.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
diploid, haploid
sperm, ova
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
32
The final stage of spermatogenesis is called ___; each immature sperm cell develops a head and a tail.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
spermiogenesis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
33
The nonmotile sperm accumulate in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and then move on to the epididymis, where they begin to mature.
The mature sperm are called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
spermatozoa
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
34
From spermatogonia to spermatozoa—about ___ hours.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
70
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
35
What looks like a tadpole?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Sperm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
36
The mature sperm has three parts: a ___, ___, and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
head
body
tail
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
37
The head is primarily a ___.
The ___ is important because it contains the genetic information.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
nucleus
nucleus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
38
The front part of the head has a specialized structure called the ___, which contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg at the time of fertilization.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
acrosome
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
39
The ___, or ___, of the sperm is a spiral-shaped structure that contains many ___ and supplies the sperm with the energy.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
body
midpiece
mitochondria
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
40
The tail of the sperm is a ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
flagellum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
41
What uses whiplike movements to enable the sperm to swim?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Tail
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
42
Most sperm live only hours after being deposited in the female reproductive tract, but the hardier ones may survive for up to ___ days.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
3
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
43
As the sperm form, they gather in the seminiferous tubules and move into a series of ___ ___, where they mature.
They are then transported from the ___ to outside the body.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
genital ducts
testes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
44
The ducts include two ___, two ___ (ductus) ___, two ___ ___, and one ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
45
The ___ is the first part of the duct system.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
epididymis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
46
What is about 20 feet (6 m) in length, tightly coiled, and sits along the top and posterior side of the testis?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Epididymis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
47
While they are in the ___, the sperm mature, becoming motile and fertile.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
epididymis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
48
The walls of the epididymis contract and push the sperm into the next structure, the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
vas deferens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
49
What is continuous with the epididymis?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Vas Deferens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
50
What ascends as part of the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal in the groin region into the pelvic cavity?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
Vas Deferens
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 494)
51
There are two ___ ___: one coming from the right and one from the left groin region.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 494, 495)
spermatic cords
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 494, 495)
52
In addition to the vas deferens, the ___ ___ includes blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, muscles, and connective tissue.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
spermatic cord
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
53
As the vas deferens courses through the pelvic cavity, it curves over the urinary bladder and joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
ejaculatory duct
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
54
The two ejaculatory ducts, from the right and left sides, pass through the prostate gland and join with the single ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
55
What extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
56
The male ___ serves two organ systems: the reproductive and the urinary systems.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
57
What carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
58
What carries semen from the ejaculatory ducts to the outside?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
59
The urethra passes either ___ or ___, but never both simultaneously.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
urine
semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
60
Various secretions are added to the sperm as they travel through the genital ducts.
The secretions come from three glands: the ___ ___, the ___ ___, and the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
61
The ___ ___ are located at the base of the bladder and secrete a thick yellowish material rich in substances such as fructose (sugar), vitamin C, and prostaglandins.
These substances nourish and activate the sperm as they pass through the ducts.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
seminal vesicles
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
62
The single walnut-like ___ ___ encircles the upper urethra just below the bladder.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
prostate gland
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
63
The ___ ___ secretes a milky alkaline substance that plays a role in increasing sperm motility.
It also counteracts the acidic environment of the vagina and so helps protect the sperm as they enter the woman’s body.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
prostate gland
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
64
During ejaculation, the smooth muscle of the ___ ___ contracts and forces the secretions into the urethra.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
prostate gland
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
65
The pea-shaped ___ glands, or ___ glands, are tiny glands located beneath the prostate gland.
They secrete thick ___ into the urethra.
The ___ serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
bulbourethral, Cowper
mucus
mucus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
66
The mixture of sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
67
About ___% of the volume of semen comes from the seminal vesicles.
The rest of it comes from the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
60
prostate gland
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
68
What is a milky white liquid with an alkaline pH?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
69
The secretions of the ___ ___ perform several other functions: they nourish the sperm, aid in the transport of sperm, and lubricate the reproductive tract.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
accessory glands
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
70
The amount of ___ per ejaculation is small, about 2 to 6 mL, or 1 teaspoon.
The number of ___ per ejaculation, however, is impressive—200 to 600 million!
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
semen
sperm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
71
The external genitals (genitalia) of the male consist of the ___ and the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
scrotum
penis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
72
What is the sac, or pouch of skin, that hangs loosely between the legs and contains the testes?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Scrotum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
73
The ___ has two functions; it carries urine through the urethra to the outside of the body and it acts as the organ of sexual intercourse (___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
penis
copulation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
74
What deposits sperm in the female reproductive tract?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Penis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
75
The ___, or body, of the penis contains three columns of erectile tissue and an enlarged tip called the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
shaft
glans penis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
76
The opening of the urethra, called the ___ ___ (external urethral orifice), penetrates the glans penis.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
urinary meatus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
77
The loose skin covering the penis extends downward and forms a cuff of skin around the glans called the foreskin, or ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
prepuce
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
78
Around puberty, small glands located in the foreskin and the glans secrete an oily substance.
This secretion and the surrounding dead skin cells form a cheesy substance called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
smegma
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
79
As part of daily hygiene, a man should pull back the foreskin to remove the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
smegma
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
80
What refers to foreskin that is too tight and cannot be retracted?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
Phimosis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
81
The foreskin is often surgically removed after birth in a process called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
circumcision
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 495)
82
What extends the length of the penis and is surrounded by three columns of spongy erectile tissue?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Urethra
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
83
When a man is sexually stimulated, the ___ nerves fire, the penile arteries (constrict/dilate), and the erectile tissue fills with blood.
The accumulation of blood in the erectile tissue causes the penis to enlarge and become rigid.
This process is an ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
parasympathetic
dilate
erection
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
84
What enables the penis to penetrate the reproductive tract of the female?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Erection
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
85
For various reasons, a man may be unable to achieve an erection and is said to have ___ ___ (___).
The older term is impotence.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
erectile dysfunction (**ED**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
86
What refers to the pleasurable sensations that occur at the height of sexual stimulation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Orgasm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
87
What in the male is accompanied by emission and ejaculation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Orgasm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
88
What is the movement of sperm and glandular secretions from the testes and genital ducts into the proximal urethra, where they mix to form semen?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Emission
89
What is caused by the influence of the sympathetic nervous system on the ducts, causing rhythmic, peristalsis-type contractions?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Emission
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
90
What is the expulsion of semen from the urethra to the outside?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Ejaculation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
91
What begins when the urethra fills with semen?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Ejaculation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
92
___ nerve impulses from the spinal cord stimulate the skeletal muscles at the base of the erectile columns in the penis to contract rhythmically.
The rhythmic contraction provides the force necessary to expel the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Motor
semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
93
Immediately after ejaculation, ___ nerve impulses cause the penile arteries to (constrict/dilate), thereby reducing blood flow into the penis.
This process is accompanied by increased venous drainage of blood from the penis.
As a consequence, the penis becomes ___ and returns to its unstimulated size.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
sympathetic, constrict
flaccid
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
94
A) Male Reproductive Organs
B) Pathway for Semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 492)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 492)
95
A) Male Gonad
B) Sperm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 493)
96
The male sex hormones are called androgens, the most important being ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
testosterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
97
Most of the testosterone is secreted by the ___ ___ of the testes.
A small amount is secreted by the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
interstitial cells
adrenal cortex
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
98
Secretion of ___ begins during fetal development and continues at a very low level throughout childhood.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
testosterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
99
When a boy reaches the age of 10 to 13, testosterone secretion increases rapidly, transforming the boy into a man.
This phase in reproductive development is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
puberty
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
100
After puberty, ___ is secreted continuously throughout the life of the male.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
testosterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
101
What is necessary for sperm production and the development of the male sex characteristics?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Testosterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
102
The ___ ___ ___ include the enlargement and development of the testes and the various accessory organs such as the penis.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
primary sex characteristics
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
103
The secondary sex characteristics are special features of the male body and include the following:
* Increased growth of ___, particularly on the face, chest, axillary region, and pubic region
* Deepening of the ___, caused by enlargement of the vocal cords.
* Thickening of the ___ and increased activity of the ___ and ___ glands; at puberty, the adolescent is faced with new challenges, such as acne and body odor
* Increased ___ growth and development of the male physique (broad shoulders and narrow waist)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
hair
voice
skin, oil, sweat
musculoskeletal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
104
The male reproductive system is controlled primarily by the hormones secreted by the ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
testes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
105
The hypothalamus secretes a ___ ___, which then stimulates the ___ ___ ___ to secrete two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
releasing hormone
anterior pituitary gland
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
106
What promotes spermatogenesis by stimulating the spermatogenic cells to respond to testosterone?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
107
What comes about through the combined action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Spermatogenesis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
108
___ ___ (___), also known as ___ ___-___ ___ (___) in the male, promotes the development of the interstitial cells of the testes and the secretion of testosterone.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
Luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (**ICSH**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 496)
109
After puberty, a ___ ___ ___ regulates testosterone production.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
negative feedback loop
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
110
When the level of testosterone in the blood increases, it causes the ___ and the anterior pituitary gland to decrease their hormonal secretions, thereby decreasing the production of testosterone.
As blood levels of testosterone decrease, the anterior pituitary gland increases its secretion of ___ ___ (___), thereby stimulating the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone once again.
This negative feedback mechanism keeps the blood level of testosterone constant.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
hypothalamus
luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
111
Hormonal Control of Sperm Production and Testosterone Secretion
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
112
The female reproductive system produces ___, secretes ___, and nurtures and protects a developing ___ during the 9 months of pregnancy.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
eggs
hormones
fetus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
113
The female gonads are two almond-shaped ___ located on either side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
ovaries
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
114
The ovaries are anchored in place by several ligaments, including the ___ and ___ ligaments.
The ovaries, although not attached directly to the fallopian tubes, are close to them.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
ovarian
broad
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
115
Within the ovary are many tiny saclike structures called ovarian ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
follicles
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
116
A female is born with ___ million follicles.
This number steadily declines with age, however, so that at puberty only about ___ follicles remain—enough to start a small family.
Of these, only about ___ follicles ever fully mature, because a female usually produces only one egg per month throughout her reproductive years.
The production of eggs begins at puberty and continues until menopause, at about 45 to 55 years of age.
As with sperm, the supply of eggs far exceeds the actual need.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
2
400,000
400
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
117
Each ovarian follicle consists of an immature egg, called an ___, and the surrounding cells, called ___ cells.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
oocyte
follicular
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
118
Beginning at puberty, several follicles mature every month, although usually only ___ fully matures.
As the egg matures, it begins to undergo ___ cell division, which reduces the number of chromosomes by half, from 46 to 23.
At the same time, the follicle enlarges, a fluid-filled center is formed, and the follicular cells begin to secrete ___.
The mature ovarian follicle is known as the ___ follicle.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
one
meiosis
estrogen
graafian
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
119
The ___ follicle looks like a blister on the surface of the ovary.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
graafian
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
120
Once a month the ovarian follicle bursts—an “eggs-plosion”!
The ___ ejects a mature egg (___) with a surrounding layer of cells.
This ejection phase is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
ovary
ova
ovulation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 497)
121
The egg travels from the surface of the ovary into the peritoneal cavity, where it is immediately swept into the fallopian tubes by the swishing motion of the ___ (finger-like projections at the ends of the fallopian tubes).
The egg travels through the fallopian tubes to the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 497, 499)
fimbriae
uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, pp. 497, 499)
122
If the egg is fertilized, it implants itself in the ___ ___ and grows into a fetus.
If the egg is not fertilized, it dies and is eliminated in the ___ blood.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
uterine lining
menstrual
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
123
Some women feel twinges of pain at the time of ovulation; this pain is called ___ (from the German, meaning “middle pain”).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
mittelschmerz
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
124
Once ovulation has occurred, the follicular cells that remain in the ovary develop into a glandular structure called the ___ ___ (“yellow body”).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
corpus luteum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
125
The corpus luteum secretes two hormones: large amounts of ___ and smaller amounts of ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
progesterone
estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
126
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates in about 10 days and becomes known as the ___ ___ (“white body”).
The dead ___ ___ is not capable of secreting hormones.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
corpus albicans
corpus albicans
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
127
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum does not deteriorate.
It stays alive and continues to secrete its hormones until this role can be taken over by the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
placenta
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
128
At puberty, the ovaries begin to secrete the sex hormones ___ and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
estrogen
progesterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
129
The ___ ___ of the maturing follicles secrete estrogen, and the ___ ___ secretes large amounts of progesterone and smaller amounts of estrogen.
These hormones transform a girl into a woman.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
follicular cells
corpus luteum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
130
Estrogen exerts two important effects: it promotes the maturation of the ___ and helps develop the female ___ ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
egg
secondary sex characteristics
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
131
Just as the male looks male because of testosterone, the female looks female because of ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
132
The feminizing effects of estrogen include the following:
* Enlargement and development of the ___ of the female reproductive system
* Enlargement and development of the ___
* Deposition of ___ beneath the skin, especially in the thighs, buttocks, and breasts
* Widening of the ___
* Onset of the ___ ___
* Closure of the ___ ___ in the long bones, thereby stopping further growth in height
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
organs
breasts
fat
pelvis
menstrual cycle
epiphyseal discs
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
133
The ___ ___ secretes progesterone, which has three important effects: it (1) works with estrogen in establishing the ___ ___, (2) helps maintain ___, and (3) prepares the breasts for milk production after pregnancy, increasing their secretory capacity.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
corpus luteum
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
134
Although the corpus luteum secretes enough ___ to maintain pregnancy in the early months, the woman’s body needs larger amounts of both estrogen and ___ during the later stages of pregnancy.
This role is performed by the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
progesterone x 2
placenta
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 499)
135
The female genital tract includes the ___ ___, ___, and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
136
What are also called the uterine tubes or oviducts?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
Fallopian Tubes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
137
Each of the two ___ ___ is about 4 inches (10 cm) long and extends from either side of the uterus to the ovaries.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fallopian tubes
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
138
The funnel-shaped end of the fallopian tube nearest to the ovary is called the infundibulum and has finger-like projections called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fimbriae
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
139
The ___ ___ do not attach directly to the ovaries; the ___ hang over the ovary.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fallopian tube
fimbriae
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
140
At ovulation, the ___ sweep the egg from the surface of the ovary into the fallopian tube.
Once in the fallopian tube, the egg moves slowly toward the ___.
Because the egg cannot swim, like sperm, the ___ activity of the fallopian tubes moves it forward.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fimbriae
uterus
peristaltic
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
141
The fallopian tubes have two functions.
First, the tube transports the egg from the ovary to the ___.
Second, the tube is the usual site of ___ of the egg by the sperm.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
uterus
fertilization
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
142
The fertilized egg moves through the fallopian tube into the ___, where it implants and grows into a baby.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
143
The journey through the fallopian tubes takes about ___ to ___ days.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
4
5
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
144
The ___, or ___, is shaped like an upside-down pear and is located between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
uterus
womb
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
145
What holds the uterus in place?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
Broad Ligament
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
146
The primary function of the ___ is to provide a safe, nurturing environment for the growing fetus.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
147
What functions as a cradle for 9 comfortable months?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
Uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
148
During pregnancy, the size of the ___ increases considerably to hold the growing fetus and the placenta.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
149
The uterus has three parts.
The ___ is the upper dome-shaped region above the entrance of the fallopian tubes.
The ___ is the central region.
The ___ is the lower narrow region that opens into the vagina.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
fundus
body
cervix
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
150
The uterus has three layers: an outer serosal layer called the ___ or ___, a middle smooth muscular layer called the ___, and an inner layer called the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
epimetrium
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
151
The endometrial uterine lining has two layers: the ___ layer and the ___ layer.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
basilar
functional
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
152
The ___ layer is thin and vascular; it lies next to the myometrium.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
basilar
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
153
The ___ layer responds to the ovarian hormones and thickens in preparation for the fertilized egg.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
functional
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
154
Which layer sloughs off during menstruation when fertilization has not occurred?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
Functional
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
155
The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is a diagnostic procedure used for detecting cancer of the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
cervix
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
156
What is the simple and painless procedure that involves scraping cells from around the cervix and examining them for evidence of cancer?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 500)
157
What is a 4-inch muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the opening in the perineum?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
Vagina
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
158
The vaginal opening is usually covered by a thin membrane called the ___.
The definition of this word comes from the image of the vagina as a sanctuary of the virgin love goddess Aphrodite.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
hymen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
159
The ___ may be torn in a number of ways, as during first intercourse, from the use of tampons, or from strenuous exercise.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
hymen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
160
Much has been written about the ___ and whether or not it is intact.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
hymen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
161
The upper portion of the vagina receives the cervix of the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
uterus
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
162
The cervix dips into the vagina, so that pockets, or spaces, form around the cervix.
These pockets are called ___.
The deepest is the ___ ___, located behind the cervix.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
fornices
posterior fornice
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
163
A) Female reproductive Organs
B) Maturation and Formation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 498)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 498)
164
The female external genitals (genitalia) are together called the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
vulva
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
165
The vulva includes the ___ ___ and ___ ___, ___, and ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibular glands
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
166
The external genitalia of the female are also called the ___, from a word meaning “shameful.”
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
pudendum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
167
The two ___ ___ are folds of hair-covered skin that lie external to the two smaller labia minora.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
labia majora
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
168
The ___ (the word means “lips”) are separated by a cleft containing the urethral and vaginal openings.
The ___ prevent drying of the mucous membranes.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
labia
labia
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
169
The labia majora merge anteriorly (in front) to form the rounded hair-covered region over the symphysis called the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
mons pubis
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
170
What is the structure that resembles the penis?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
Clitoris
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
171
Although small, the clitoris contains erectile tissue and is capped by a thin membrane called the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
glans
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
172
The ___ ___ extend forward and partially surround the clitoris to form a foreskin.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
labia minora
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
173
Like the penis, the ___ contains sensory receptors that allow the female to experience pleasurable sexual sensations.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
clitoris
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
174
The ___ is a cleft between the labia minora.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
vestibule
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
175
What contains the openings of the urethra and vagina?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
Vestibule
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
176
A pair of vestibular glands (___ glands) lie on either side of the vaginal opening and secrete a mucus-containing substance that moistens and lubricates the vestibule.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
Bartholin
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
177
The female ___ and ___ systems are entirely separate, unlike the case in the male.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
urinary
reproductive
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
178
The female urethra carries only urine, whereas the male urethra carries urine and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
semen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
179
The ___ comprises the entire pelvic floor.
The common use of the word, however, is more limited.
Most clinicians use the word ___ to mean the area between the vaginal opening and anus (called the ___ ___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
perineum
perineum, obstetric perineum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
180
External Genitals of the Female
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 501)
181
The female responds to sexual stimulation with ___ and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
erection
orgasm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
182
Erectile tissue in the clitoris and the tissue surrounding the vaginal opening swell with blood in response to ___ induced dilation of the arteries.
Erectile tissue in the ___ ___, ___, and ___ also swells.
Other responses include engorgement of the vagina and secretion by the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
parasympathetically
vaginal mucosa, breasts, nipples
vestibular glands
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
183
At the height of sexual stimulation, a woman experiences ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
orgasm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
184
The ___ stimulates a number of reflexes.
These reflexes cause muscles in the perineum, uterine walls, and uterine tubes to contract.
This is thought to aid in directing and transporting the sperm through the genital tract.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
orgasm
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
185
Each month, an egg is produced by the ___ in anticipation of producing a baby.
As the egg develops in the ___, the uterus prepares to receive the fertilized egg.
Its preparation consists of the building up of a thick, lush ___ ___.
If the egg is not fertilized, the ___ ___ is no longer needed to nourish the fetus, so it is shed in the menstrual flow.
Then the monthly process begins again.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
ovary
ovary
endometrial lining
endometrial lining
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
186
A second egg ripens in the ___, and the uterine lining starts the rebuilding process.
This process repeats itself throughout the female’s reproductive years, all for the purpose of producing a child.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
ovary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
187
A number of hormones control the female reproductive cycle.
Unlike male hormones, female hormonal secretion occurs in a monthly cycle, with a regular pattern of increases and decreases in hormone levels.
In fact, the word ___ comes from the Greek word for “month” or “moon.”
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
menses
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
188
The ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___ secrete most of the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
ovaries
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
189
The hypothalamus secretes a releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete the two gonadotropins, ___-___ ___ (___) and ___ ___ (___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
follicle-stimulating hormone (**FSH**)
luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
190
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) then stimulate the ovaries, causing them to secrete ___ and ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
estrogen
progesterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
191
Female Hormones
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
192
There are two components of the female reproductive cycle: the ___ cycle and the ___ cycle.
These cycles begin at puberty and last about 40 years.
___-day cycle is an average length; a normal cycle may be shorter or longer than ___ days.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
ovarian
uterine
28 x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
193
The ___-___ ___ is responsible for stimulating the anterior pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
hypothalamic-releasing hormone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
194
For each day of the cycle, there are secretions of the ___ ___ ___, maturation of the ovarian ___, changes in the blood levels of ovarian ___, and growth of the ___ ___ of the uterus.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
anterior pituitary gland
follicle
hormones
endometrial lining
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 502)
195
The ovarian cycle consists of two phases: the ___ phase and the ___ phase.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
follicular
luteal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
196
The follicular phase begins with the hypothalamic secretion of a releasing hormone (____).
This hormone, in turn, stimulates the release of gonadotropins by the anterior pituitary gland.
The ___-___ ___ (___) and small amounts of ___ ___ (___) stimulate the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle.
The maturing ovarian follicle secretes large amounts of ___, causing the blood levels of ___ to increase.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
GnRH
follicle-stimulating hormone (**FSH**), luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
estrogen x 2
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
197
What dominates the follicular phase affecting both the ovary and uterus?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
198
What stimulates the maturation of the ovarian follicle and helps build up the uterine lining in the first half of the uterine cycle, days 1 to 14?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
199
The follicular phase ends when a sharp rise (midcycle surge) of ___ ___ (___) on day 14 causes ovulation.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
200
Which phase immediately follows ovulation?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Luteal
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
201
Follicular cells of the ruptured follicle on the surface of the ovary form the corpus luteum.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) then stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete ___ and smaller amounts of ___.
The ___ and ___ exert a negative feedback effect on the anterior pituitary gland, thereby inhibiting further secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
progesterone, estrogen
progesterone, estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
202
What supports the endometrial lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle (days 14 to 28)?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Progesterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
203
What dominates the luteal phase?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Progesterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
204
When the ___ ___ dies, secretion of progesterone and estrogen declines.
As a result of the decrease in estrogen and progesterone, ___-___ ___ (___) and small amounts of ___ ___ (___) are once again secreted, and the cycle is repeated.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
corpus luteum
follicle-stimulating hormone (**FSH**), luteinizing hormone (**LH**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
205
The ___ ___, also called the ___ ___, consists of the changes that occur in the endometrium over a 28-day period.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
uterine cycle
menstrual cycle
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
206
Estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovaries cause the endometrial changes; thus the ovarian cycle controls the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
uterine cycle
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
207
The uterine cycle has three phases: the ___ phase, the ___ phase, and the ___ phase.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
menstrual
proliferative
secretory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
208
Bleeding characterizes the ___ phase.
It begins on the first day and continues for 3 to 5 days, varying from person to person.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
menstrual
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
209
During the menstrual phase, the functional layer of the endometrial lining and blood leave the uterus through the vagina as menstrual flow.
This process is also called “having your ___.”
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
period
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
210
The ___ phase begins with the end of the menstrual phase.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
proliferative
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
211
Repair and growth of the inner endometrial lining characterize the ___ phase.
The lining grows primarily because of ___ secreted by the ovaries.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
proliferative
estrogen
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
212
The proliferative phase is named so because the cells proliferate and thus repair the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
endometrial lining
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
213
The endometrial lining becomes thicker and acquires additional blood vessels during the ___ phase.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
proliferative
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
214
The ___ phase is caused by the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum of the ovary.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
secretory
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
215
What causes the endometrial lining to thicken and become more juicy, thereby forming a nutritious environment awaiting the arrival of a fertilized ovum?
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
Progesterone
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
216
The endometrial lining does not slough off if blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are adequate.
These levels are adequate if the ___ ___ does not deteriorate.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
corpus luteum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
217
If fertilization occurs, preserving the ___ ___ is crucial, for this is where the fetus will live and grow.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
uterine lining
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
218
Soon after fertilization, the egg implants in the uterine lining.
Some of the cells at the site of implantation in the uterus secrete a hormone called ___ ___ ___ (___).
Blood carries ___ ___ ___ (___) from the uterus to the ovary, where it stimulates the corpus luteum.
Deterioration of the corpus luteum is prevented by ___ ___ ___ (___), thereby ensuring the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
219
The life of the corpus luteum is prolonged for ___ to ___ weeks by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), until the ___ can take over as the major estrogen- and progesterone-secreting gland.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
11
12
placenta
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 504)
220
Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycle (28-Day Cycle)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 503)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 503)
221
In the female, puberty is marked by the first period of menstrual bleeding, or ___.
Thereafter, the menstrual periods (___) occur regularly until the woman reaches her late 40s or early 50s.
At this time, the periods gradually become more irregular until they cease completely.
This phase is called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
menarche
menses
menopause
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
222
Menopause is also called the change of life, or the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
climacteric
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
223
Female reproductive function lasts from ___ to ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
menarche
menopause
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
224
The effects of ___ are caused by a decrease in the ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone.
Without ovarian hormones, the uterine cycle ceases, and the woman stops menstruating.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
menopause
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
225
Other symptoms associated with ___ include hot flashes, sweating, depression, irritability, and insomnia.
The symptoms are highly variable.
Some women experience severe disturbances; others notice hardly any systemic effects.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
menopause
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
226
The anterior chest contains two elevations called ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
breasts
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
227
Breasts are located anterior to the pectoralis major muscles and contain adipose tissue and ___ glands, accessory organs of the female reproductive system.
These glands secrete milk following the delivery of a baby.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
mammary
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
228
At the tip of each breast is a nipple surrounded by a circular area of pigmented skin called the ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
areola
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
229
Each mammary gland contains ___ to ___ lobes.
Each lobe contains many ___ ___ and a ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
15, 20
alveolar glands, lactiferous duct
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
230
The alveolar glands secrete milk, which is carried toward the nipple by the ___ ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
lactiferous duct
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
231
Connective tissue, including the ___ ___, helps to support the breast.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
suspensory ligaments
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
232
Until a child reaches puberty, the ___ ___ of male and female children are similar.
At puberty, however, the female ___ ___ are stimulated by estrogen and progesterone.
The alveolar glands and ducts enlarge, and ___ ___ is deposited around these structures.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
mammary glands
mammary glands
adipose tissue
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
233
The male ___ does not develop because there is no hormonal stimulus to do so.
If a male were given female hormones, however, he too would develop ___.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
breast
breasts
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
234
During pregnancy, the increased secretion of ___ and ___ has a profound effect on the breasts.
The breasts may double in size in preparation for ___ (milk production) following birth.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
estrogen, progesterone
lactation
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
235
Usually, there is no milk production during pregnancy because lactation requires ___ (___), a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
prolactin (**PRL**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
236
High plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone produced by the ___ inhibit the secretion of ___ (___) during pregnancy.
After delivery, however, plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease, allowing the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ___ (___).
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
placenta, prolactin (**PRL**)
prolactin (**PRL**)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
237
Milk production takes ___ to ___ days to begin.
In the meantime, the mammary glands produce ___, a yellowish watery fluid rich in protein and antibodies.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
2, 3
colostrum
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
238
Prolactin (PRL) is necessary for milk production, but a second hormone, ___, is necessary for the release of milk from the breast.
When the baby suckles, or nurses, at the breast, nerve impulses in the ___ are stimulated.
These impulses then travel from the breast to the hypothalamus; the hypothalamus, in turn, stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to release ___.
The ___ travels through the blood to the breast, causing contraction of the smooth muscle of the lobules.
This process squeezes milk into the ducts, where the nursing infant can suck it out of the nipple.
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
oxytocin
areola
oxytocin
oxytocin
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 505)
239
A) Breast and Mammary Glands
B) Hormones Involved in Breastfeeding and the Milk Let-Down Reflex
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 506)
## Footnote
(Herlihy, 2020, p. 506)
