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BLOOD AND BLOOD VESSELS Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

what are 3 functions of blood

A

transportation network

protection - blood clotting, WBC, antibodies, inflammation

regulation - temp, pH, fluid balance, blood vol

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2
Q

how much blood is in the body

A

5L

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3
Q

what is blood made up of (2)

A

55% plasma
45% formed elements

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4
Q

how much water is plasma made up of

A

92%

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5
Q

what solutes are in plasma (6)

A

plasma proteins
nitrogenous waste
nutrients
electrolytes
blood gases
hormones

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6
Q

what are examples of formed elements (3)
where are theses formed

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

from haemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow

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7
Q

what is osmolarity

A

concentration of solute that cannot pass through blood vessel walls

maintains blood vol and blood pressure and bodily fluids

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8
Q

what happens when osmolarity too high?

A

blood absorbs too much water

increased blood volume, increased BP

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9
Q

what happens with low osmolarity

A

blood loses water to tissues by osmosis and oedema occurs

blood vol decreases, BP decreases

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10
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
anucleate - no mitochondria, biconcave disc

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11
Q

what is haemoglobin made of

A

4x globin proteins
chain of haem (iron Fe group)

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12
Q

what does each haem bind to in blood

A

1x oxygen molecule

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13
Q

what is the process of erythropoisis

A

making erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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14
Q

how long does erythropoisis take

A

3-5 days

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15
Q

what is the process of erythropoisis

A

synthesise haemoglobin

lose nucleus and other organelles

released into blood as an immature red blood cell called a reticulocyte

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16
Q

what are the stages of becoming a mature red blood cell

A

haemopoietic stem cell

erythrocyte colony forming unit

reticulocyte

mature red blood cell

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17
Q

what happens to tissues is there are too few RBC

A

tissue hypoxia (low oxygen)

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18
Q

what happens if there are too many red blood cells in blood

A

blood viscosity increases

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19
Q

how is homeostasis of blood maintained

A

maintained by negative feedback from oxygen levels in kidney

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20
Q

what is the production of erythrocytes triggered by

A

hormone erythropoietin from kidneys and liver

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21
Q

what is the flow diagram of hypoxia to replenishment in blood

A

hypoxia (low O2)
sensed by kidneys and liver
secretes erythropoietin
stimulates red bone marrow
accelerates erythropoeisis
in creasing red blood cell count
increased 02 around the body

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22
Q

why can’t erythrocytes repair

A

absense of nucleus
live for 120 days

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23
Q

where is haem transported to to be reused after red blood cell destroyed

A

transported to
liver
spleen
marrow

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24
Q

what is the rest of haem converted to

A

biliverdin then to bilirubin by macrophages

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25
what are the 4 ways harm can be recycled
iron transported to liver, spleen and marrow converted to biliverdin —> bilirubin removed from blood and stored in gallbladder nike released converted to brown faeces
26
what are human blood types determined by
presence or base if antigens (glycolipids) on plasma membranes of red blood cells
27
what do self antigens allow
angle boys to distinguish between its own cells and foreign cells
28
what are ABO blood types determined by
presence of antigen A and/or antigen B on RBC
29
why can’t an antigen and its corresponding antibody be mixed in the body
they will bind to eachother (A-A, B-B)
30
what antigens and antibodies do blood type A individuals carry
antigen A antibody B
31
what antigens and antibodies do blood type B individuals carry
antigen B antibody A
32
what antigens and antibodies do blood type AB individuals carry
antigen A,B no antibody
33
what antigens and antibodies do blood type O individuals carry
neither antigen A and B antibodies
34
what occurs during agglutination
donated RBC attacked recipients plasma antibodies agglutination (gluing together) occurs which impedes blood flow
35
what do rhesus positive individuals carry
RH antigens (Antigen D) on RBC is indicated by RH+
36
how are rhesus antibodies formed in an individual
antibodies to Rh antigen are only formed in Rh- individual upon exposure to Rh+ blood
37
what antibodies does an Rh+ person have
no anti-D antibodies
38
what antibodies does an Rh - person have
no anti-D antibodies (unless exposed to Rh+ blood)
39
how much percentage of blood volume do leukocytes take up
1%
40
where are most leukocytes found
connective tissues
41
what are the 2 types of lysosomes in leukocytes
granula - additional chemical filled granules agranula - not filled
42
what is the process in forming granulocytes
haemopoietic stem cell in bone marrow differentiate to form myeloblast (leukocyte colony forming unit) differentiates into mature leukocytes (granulocytes) - neutrophil, basophil
43
what is the process in forming an agranulocyte
haemopoietic stem cell in red bone marrow differentiates to form a leukocytes colony forming unit ( monoblast, lymphoblast) which differentiate to form agranulocytes (monocyte, lymphocyte)
44
what are granulocytes
phagocytic (have toxic chemicals to break down)
45
what are lymphocytes
T and B cells for immunity
46
what are monocytes
macrophages containing lysosomes to kill dead debris and clean up
47
what are basophils
histamine and heparin for blood clotting
48
what are platelets, what is their function
thrombocytes primarily involved in reducing blood loss
49
how much percentage does platelets take up
60%
50
what is the process of haemostasis for
series of reactants to stop bleeding from occurring
51
what are the 3 stages of HAEMOSTASIS
1 - vascular spasm 2 - platelet plug formation 3 - coagulation
52
what is a platelet plug
platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres of damaged blood vessels and to eachother
53
what are the 4 functions of granular chemicals
enhance vascular spasm initiate blood clotting stimulates fibroblasts attract more platelets
54
what occurs in coagulation
liquid blood transforms into a blood clot (gel)
55
what are clotting factors released by (2) what are the 2 pathways of reasons for blood clotting
damaged tissues (extrinsic pathway) pathway triggered by abnormal vessel wall (intrinsic pathway)
56
what do both pathways of clotting require
calcium both pathways converge into a pathway activating factor X
57
what does factor X activate
prothrombin activator (enzyme)
58
what does the prothrombin activator activate (4)
1. activates prothrombin (protein) 2. converts it into enzyme - thrombin 3. thrombin joins molecules of the double plasma protein called fibrinogen 4. into molecules of insoluble fibrinogen, forming threads of clots
59
what is the difference between coagulation and agglutination
coagulation - RBC stuck together by fibrinogen agglutination - RBC stick together by antibody-antigen interaction
60
what is clot dissolution
clot is no longer needed (fibrinolysis) plasmid dissolves clot
61
where do arteries receive and take blood to
carry AWAY from heart heart to body
62
where to veins receive and carry blood to
carry blood TOWARD heart from body to heart
63
what do capillaries do
link arteries and veins
64
what are the 3 layers of a blood vessel
tunica interns tunica media tunica externer
65
what is the tunica interna’s role
simple squamous cells for tissues line lumen of blood vessels reduces friction between vessel walls and blood
66
what is the role of the tunica media what is it made of
controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction made of smooth muscle
67
what is the smooth muscle of the tunica media regulated by
sympathetic vasomotor fibres and chemicals
68
what is the role of the tunica externa
protects, reinforces, and accords vessels to surrounding structures made of loose connective tissue
69
which have thicker walls, arteries or veins
arteries
70
what are the variations of wall thickness for arteries (2)
elastic tissue to accomodate pressure muscular tissue to move blood to organs
71
what are arterioles
smallest control blood in capillaries
72
what are 3 types of capillaries
continuous fenestrated sinusoid
73
what are continuous capillaries
tight junctions, intercellular clefts
74
what are fenestrated capillaries
holes, rapid filtration, absorption
75
what are sinusoid capillaries
larger holes, liver and red bone marrow
76
what is the capillary bed composed of (2)
true capillaries (exchange vessels) vascular shunt
77
how does blood flow through true capillaries
blood flow through controlled by a sphincter (smooth muscle)
78
what are vascular shunt of capillaries
linking channel between an arteriole and venuole (small vein)
79
what are 3 characteristics of veins
thin walled, large lumens thin tunica media (low bp) thick tunica externer
80
how is backflow prevented in veins
through valves
81
what is the blood pressure like in veins
low bp
82
what is required to pump blood in veins
thoracic pump breathing in and exhalation thoracic pressure drops below abdominal cavity allows squeezing of inferior vena cava to thoracic
83
what is the muscular pump for veins
contracted muscles press of veins forcing blood forward, opening valves valves below close to stop backflow
84
what are the two pumps in veins
thoracic muscular

NURSING (12 decks)

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