URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

what is excretion

Answer 1

metabolic waste separated and eliminated from body fluids via sweat glands, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems

Question 2

what is the function of the kidney

Answer 2

major excretory organ
filters blood
produces urine

Question 3

how much blood does the kidney filter daily

Answer 3

200L

Question 4

what is the hilium

Answer 4

where ureters, renal artery and veins enter and exit kidney

Question 5

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue in the kidney

Answer 5

1. fibrous renal capsule
2. fat capsule
3. renal fascia

Question 6

what is the fibrous renal capsule

Answer 6

outside , transparent, protects and maintains kidney shape

Question 7

what is the fat capsules role

Answer 7

cushions, positions and protects

Question 8

what is the renal fascia’s role

Answer 8

anchors kidneys anterior to parietal peritoneum and posteriorly to lumbar muscles

Question 9

what are the 3 internal regions of the kidneys

Answer 9

cortex
medulla
renal pelvis

Question 10

what is the role of the renal cortex

Answer 10

outer, granula

Question 11

what is the role of the medulla

Answer 11

inner region of kidney, 6-10x renal pyramids for urine collecting ducts

Question 12

what is the role of the renal pelvis

Answer 12

funnel-shaped tube continuous with jolyn extensions (minor and major calyces)c enclosing tips of renal pyramids and collecting urine

Question 13

how much blood supply to kidneys receive

Answer 13

21% of resting cardiac output

Question 14

where is blood directed to at the kidneys

Answer 14

to vortex, leading into afferent arterioles

Question 15

where is blood delivered to once in the kidneys

Answer 15

to nephron

Question 16

what is a nephron

Answer 16

structural and functional unit of kidneys that filters blood and produces urine

Question 17

what is the nephron composed of (3)

Answer 17

renal corpuscle
renal tubule
collecting duct

Question 18

what is composed within the renal corpuscle

Answer 18

glomerulus, glomeruler capsule

Question 19

what is composed within the renal tubule

Answer 19

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

what is the glomerulus and its function

Answer 20

ball of fenestrated capillaries fed by the afferent arteriole and drained by the efferent arteriole

Question 21

what is the glomeruler capsule

Answer 21

involved in the first step of urine formation

has high BP due to afferent arteriole being larger than efferent

forces H20 and solvents out of glomeruler capillaries

Question 22

how is filtration kept constant in glomeruler filtration

Answer 22

regulation of diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles by nervous system and homeostasis

Question 23

where does the filtrate enter after it has been through glomeruler capsule

Answer 23

enters renal tubule where water and solutes can be reabsorbed (99%)

Question 24

what is step 2 of urine formation

Answer 24

tubular reabsorption

Question 25

what occurs during tubular reabsorption

Answer 25

renal tube cells return h2o and solutes back to blood transported through renal tubule wall into interstitial fluid collected by particular capillaries

Question 26

what are peritubular capillaries

Answer 26

arise from efferent arterioles surround renal tubule have low pressure and are porous

Question 27

where do the peritubular capillaries lead into

Answer 27

lead into veins which exit kidney in renal vein

Question 28

what is the main site of reabsorption

Answer 28

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 29

what substances are rebooted into peritubular capillaries out of PCT

Answer 29

electrolytes glucose water urea amino acids

Question 30

what is the main component absorbed at PCT

Answer 30

Na+ reabsorption

Question 31

what is reabsorbed at proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

water, salts and ions, nutrients

Question 32

what components are obligatory H20 reabsorption

Answer 32

first half of nephron descending limb, proximal convoluted tubule

Question 33

what are the components of facultative H20 reabsorption (hormones)

Answer 33

distal convoluted tubule ascending limb second half of nephron

Question 34

what is the 3rd part of urine formation

Answer 34

tubular secretion

Question 35

what occurs during tubular secretion

Answer 35

unwanted substances pass out of peritubular capillaries and into renal tubule through active and passive processes

Question 36

what is the role of the collecting duct

Answer 36

collects tubular fluid (urine) from renal tubules of nephron

Question 37

where does urine flow out of

Answer 37

minor calyces

Question 38

what is step 4 in urine formation

Answer 38

water conservation

Question 39

how is the osmotic concentration of blood maintained

Answer 39

by regulating urine conc and volume through mechanisms of kidneys and ADH

Question 40

what is a countercurrent mechanism

Answer 40

fluid flowing in opposite directions

Question 41

where does the longer nephron loop extend

Answer 41

extends into medulla

Question 42

what is the juxtamedullary loop

Answer 42

loop of henle ascending limb - permeable to water descending limb - permeable to salts

Question 43

what is the vasa recta

Answer 43

delivers blood to medulla and maintains osmotic pressure

Question 44

what are the juxtamedullary nephrons responsible for

Answer 44

concentrating urine

Question 45

what is the function of the countercurrent mechanism in relation to salts

Answer 45

continually transporting Na from ascending limb and returning it to the medulla making medulla 4x more concentrated than cortex

Question 46

what is more concentrated, medulla or cortex and by how much

Answer 46

medulla - 4x more concentrated

Question 47

what initiates passive reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubule

Answer 47

regulated by ADH from posterior pituitary opening of aquaporins

Question 48

what happens if blood solute concentration is too high

Answer 48

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change and activate ADH release

Question 49

what is the function of ADH

Answer 49

make walls of collecting duct and DCT permeable to water through opening aquaporins

Question 50

define glyconeogenesis in the kidneys

Answer 50

glycerol and amino acids converted to glucose

Question 51

what are the 4 functions of the kidney

Answer 51

gluconeogenesis erythropoietin vitamin D BP control

Question 52

how does the kidneys control BP

Answer 52

afferent arterioles are enlarged and smooth muscle when BP drops, glomerula cells secrete enzyme called renine renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism activated to increase BP

Question 53

what are 4 physical characteristics of urine

Answer 53

yellow colouring slight odour slightly acidic 1.001-1.035 specific gravity

Question 54

what are the 2 parts chemical composition of urine

Answer 54

95% water 5% solute - nitrogenous waste, bicarbonate ions, abnormal substances

Question 55

what is the function of the ureter

Answer 55

transports urine from kidneys to bladder propels urine forward

Question 56

what is the function of the urinary bladder

Answer 56

temporary storage (500mL) lies of pelvic floor, posterior to pubic symphysis

Question 57

what is the function of the urethra

Answer 57

transports urine from bladder to outside of body muscular tube , draining urine

Question 58

what are the components of the urinary bladder wall

Answer 58

destrusor muscle - longitudinal and circular smooth muscle fibres inner mucosa - accommodates changes in bladder volume and protection against acidic urine filded rugae - allow distension

Question 59

how many sphincter muscles do males have

Answer 59

2 internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter

Question 60

what is the internal urethral sphincter

Answer 60

involuntary and thick detrusor muscle

Question 61

what is the external urethral sphincter

Answer 61

voluntary skeletal muscle, as urethra pass through pelvic floor

Question 62

how many sphincters do females have

Answer 62

1

Question 63

what is micturition

Answer 63

urination the act of emptying the bladder

Question 64

what activates the spinal micturition reflex

Answer 64

stretched receptors in bladder wall initiates

Question 65

what is voluntary control in initiating urination with the brain

Answer 65

impulses ascend spinal chord to micturition centre in pons integrates info in cerebral cortex external urethral sphincter is relaxed and urine is expelled