THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

what are the 3 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

support
movement
protection

Question 2

where are blood cells produced

Answer 2

red bone marrow

Question 3

what does yellow bone marrow store

Answer 3

lipids for energy

Question 4

what are the 6 elements in bone composition

Answer 4

calcium
potassium
sodium
magnesium
carbonate
phosphate

Question 5

what are 4 examples of short bones

Answer 5

carpals
patella
tarsals
sesamoid

Question 6

what is a characteristic of short bones

Answer 6

equal in length and width

Question 7

what are 6 examples of long bones

Answer 7

arm
forearm
fingers
thigh
leg
toes

Question 8

what is a characteristic of long bones

Answer 8

longer than wide
rigid levers act upon muscles

Question 9

what are 4 examples of flat bones

Answer 9

scapula
sternum
cranial bone
rib

Question 10

what is the function of flat bones

Answer 10

protection of soft organs

Question 11

what are 4 examples of irregular bones

Answer 11

cervical vertebrae
pelvic bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone

Question 12

what are the 2 types of bone tissue

Answer 12

outer compact bone
inner sponges bone

Question 13

what is the function of compact bone

Answer 13

protective layer that stops marrow from seeping out

Question 14

what is the function of spongey bone

Answer 14

lattice of rods (trabecullae) that absorbs impact

Question 15

what is compact bone composed of

Answer 15

cylindrical units = osteons

Question 16

what is an osteon composed of

Answer 16

hollow tubes (lameculae)
central canal
collagen of lamellae aligned

Question 17

where are osteocytes found and what is their function

Answer 17

occupy cavities between lamellae
give strength

Question 18

what is spongey bone composed of

Answer 18

trabecullae
spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow
nutrients from marrow diffuses into bone tissue

Question 19

what are the 4 components of long bone

Answer 19

diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal plate
articular cartilage

Question 20

what is the diaphysis of long bone

Answer 20

shaft of long bone
cylindrical structure of compact bone

Question 21

what is the epiphysis of long bone

Answer 21

the enlarged ends (head) attaching to ligaments and tendons
used to strengthen joint

Question 22

what is the epiphyseal plate of a long bone

Answer 22

growth plate
plate calcification =epiphyseal line

Question 23

what is the purpose of articular (hyaline) cartilage in long bone

Answer 23

covers ends of long bone
allowing smooth joint movement and is friction free

Question 24

what are the 2 bone covering and lining components

Answer 24

periosteum
endosteum

Question 25

where is the periosteum found

Answer 25

around outer compact bones

Question 26

what is the periosteum made from (vascular/nonvascular)

Answer 26

dense connective tissue that attaches bones to ligaments and tendons VASCULAR

Question 27

what is the function of the endosteum

Answer 27

lines marrow cavity endo = within

Question 28

where is red bone marrow found

Answer 28

spongey bone of flat bones, epiphysis of long bones

Question 29

what is red bone marrow made of

Answer 29

reticular connective tissue - lots of collagen to make blood cells

Question 30

what are the 3 stages of bone formation

Answer 30

1. collagen framework lays down extracellular matrix (OSSIFICATION) 2. minerals (calcium) deposited and crystallise (CALCIFICATION) 3. crystal-protein interaction provides strength and flexibility to resist tension and shattering

Question 31

what are the 4 types of bone cells

Answer 31

osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts

Question 32

what are osteogenic cells

Answer 32

stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts

Question 33

where are osteogenic cells found

Answer 33

bone side of periosteum and endosteum, central canal and epiphyseal plates

Question 34

what are osteoblasts

Answer 34

bone-producing cells secrete collagen and other components of extracellular matrix to initiate calcification

Question 35

when surrounded by a matrix , what does an osteoblast become

Answer 35

osteocyte

Question 36

what is an osteocyte

Answer 36

mature bone cells maintain bone tissue

Question 37

what is an osteoclast

Answer 37

bone breaking cell lysosome enzyme breaks down collagen HCL dissolves minerals

Question 38

where are osteoclasts found

Answer 38

bone side of periosteum and endosteum

Question 39

how many years is spongey bone replaced after

Answer 39

3-4

Question 40

how many years is compact bone replaced after

Answer 40

10 years

Question 41

what does remodelling allow in bones

Answer 41

gives opportunity to adapt to stress caused by bone change

Question 42

what are the components of the extracellular matrix of cartilage

Answer 42

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) proteoglycans (trap h2o) and fibres water no calcium

Question 43

is cartilage vascular or avascular

Answer 43

avascular - nutrients diffuses in, heals slowly

Question 44

what are 3x types of cartilage

Answer 44

hyaline elastic fibro

Question 45

what is hyaline cartilage

Answer 45

dense tissue made of collagen fibres reduces friction, providing a smooth lubricating surface

Question 46

what is elastic cartilage

Answer 46

packed with elastin fibres allows flexibility to support body parts bounding back to original form

Question 47

what is osteogenesis

Answer 47

providing nutrients vitamins A - osteoblasts, C - collagen, D - Calcium

Question 48

what hormone stimulates bone growth

Answer 48

growth hormone thyroxine sex hormones

Question 49

what is the function of calcitriol

Answer 49

raised calcium in blood, promoting absorption of calcium out of intestines

Question 50

what does parathyroid hormone do

Answer 50

raises calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and kidneys to produce calcitriol

Question 51

what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton

Answer 51

axial appendicular

Question 52

what are the 3 components of the axial skeleton

Answer 52

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Question 53

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 53

limbs and supporting elements (arms, legs, girdles)

Question 54

what are the main components of the skull

Answer 54

cranial and facial bones (flat bones)

Question 55

what are the 4 functions of the bones in the skull

Answer 55

framework for face, anchor muscles cavities of sense organs openings for food and air secures teeth

Question 56

what are the 4 loves of the brain

Answer 56

fontal temporal parietal occipital

Question 57

what is the paralegal sinus

Answer 57

air-filled cavity

Question 58

what components make up the paranasal sinus (‘near nose’)

Answer 58

frontal ethmoid sphenoid maxillary bone

Question 59

what type of bones make up the vertebra

Answer 59

irregular bones

Question 60

what do vertebral bones surround

Answer 60

surrounding spinal chord

Question 61

where does the vertebra run to and from

Answer 61

skull to pelvis

Question 62

what are the 5 sections of the vertebra

Answer 62

7x cervical 12x thoracic 5x lumbar 5x sacral 4x coccyx

Question 63

how many bones are in the cranium

Answer 63

8

Question 64

how many bones are in the vertebra

Answer 64

33

Question 65

how many bones are in the intervertebral discs

Answer 65

23

Question 66

what are intervertebral discs

Answer 66

inner gelatinous mass and outer ring of cartilage

Question 67

what are some functions of the intervertebral discs

Answer 67

shock absorber supporting body weight allowing spine to flex and extend bind vertebra together thickets in lumbar and cervical regions

Question 68

what are the 2 small cervical vertebrae

Answer 68

C1 = ATLAS - articulated with skull C2 = AXIS - acts as a pivot for skull

Question 69

what are the 3 types of body thorax

Answer 69

dorsal anterior lateral

Question 70

what is the dorsal body thorax

Answer 70

thoracic vertebra

Question 71

what is the anterior body thorax

Answer 71

sternum and hyaline cartilage

Question 72

and is the lateral body thorax

Answer 72

ribs

Question 73

where is the pectoral girdle

Answer 73

shoulder

Question 74

what is your scapula

Answer 74

shoulder blade - attached to posterior thorax and vertebrae muscles

Question 75

what is your clavicle

Answer 75

joining scapula to sternum

Question 76

what bone is in the shoulder to elbow

Answer 76

humerus

Question 77

what bones make up elbow to wrist

Answer 77

radius and ulna

Question 78

how many phalanges are there in a hand

Answer 78

14 thumb = 2 phalanges digits 2-5 = 3 phalanges

Question 79

how many metacarpals are in a hand

Answer 79

5

Question 80

how many carpals are in a hand

Answer 80

8

Question 81

what is the function of pelvic girdles

Answer 81

attaching legs to axial skeleton each side has illeum, livid and ischium fused together

Question 82

what is the femur

Answer 82

largest long bone, longest and strongest

Question 83

what type of bone is the patella

Answer 83

sesmoid

Question 84

what is bigger ? tibia or fibula

Answer 84

tibia

Question 85

how many tarsals are in a foot

Answer 85

7

Question 86

how many metatarsals are in a foot

Answer 86

5

Question 87

how many phalanges are in a foot

Answer 87

14

Question 88

what is a joint

Answer 88

place where 2x bones articulate compromise between strength and mobility

Question 89

what are fibrous joints

Answer 89

bones united by fibrous connective tissue which are immovable

Question 90

what are cartilaginous joints

Answer 90

bones united by cartilage slightly moveable

Question 91

what are synovial joints

Answer 91

bones separated by a joint cavity very moveable

Question 92

what is the joint cavity full of in synovial joints

Answer 92

synovial fluid

Question 93

what is the function of the joint cavity in synovial joints

Answer 93

enclosed cavity (outer dense connective tissue and inner synovial membrane)

Question 94

what are 6x types of synovial joints

Answer 94

plane hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket