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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what are 5 functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange
acid base balance (pH)
speech and smell
blood pressure
lymph and venous blood flow

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2
Q

how does the respiratory system conduct gas exchange

A

respiratory and cardiovascular work together to deliver oxygen to cells and take carbon dioxide away

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3
Q

how does the respiratory system regulate acid base balance (pH)

A

respiratory and urinary work together to regulate hydrogen conc in blood

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4
Q

how does the respiratory system conduct and regulate lymph and venous blood flow

A

breathing creates pressure gradient between thoracic and abdominal cavity that promotes flow

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5
Q

how does respiratory system regulate blood pressure

A

angiotensin (converting enzyme) in blood vessels promotes formation of angiotensin 2 used for vasoconstriction

nitric oxide produced in nasal cavity

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6
Q

what does the nasal cavity do (3)

A

purifying
humidifying
warming air

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7
Q

what is the conducting zone

A

tubes of air

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8
Q

what is the respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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9
Q

what is the nasal cavity lined with

A

mucosa
pseudo stratified ciliates columnar epithelium

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10
Q

what covers the nasal cavity

A

lateral walls have scroll like mucosa covered projections called conchae

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11
Q

what is the purpose of conchae

A

increase surface area
increase air turbulence

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12
Q

how is the nasal cavity separated from the oral cavity (2)

A

anterior hard palate
posterior soft palate

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13
Q

inspired air is … (2)

A

humidified
warmed

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14
Q

where does air pass into when breathed in

A

into pharynx (throat)

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15
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
orpharynx
laryngopharynx

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16
Q

what occurs in nasopharynx

A

air only

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17
Q

what is in oropharynx

A

air and food

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18
Q

what is in laryngopharynx

A

air and food

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19
Q

what is the function of the larynx

A

provides pathway
ensuring air reaches reaches and food goes into oesophagus
producing sound

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20
Q

how is the larynx attached

A

superiorly to hyoid bone
inferior to trachea

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21
Q

what are the walls of the larynx made of

A

hyaline cartilage
muscular - operating vocal chords

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22
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage that covers larynx inlet when swallowing

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23
Q

what is your trachea

A

wind pipe delivers
air to lungs
from larynx to mediastinum

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24
Q

where is the trachea positioned

A

anterior to oesophagus

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25
how is the trachea supported from collapsing
20x C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
26
what is the function of the trachealis muscle
alters diameter on breathing allowing oesophagus to expand when swallowing
27
what are bronchi
marks beginning of right and left bronchi
28
what are primary bronchi
subdivide into secondary bronchi, each supplying to a lobe
29
where do the lungs sit
extend from diaphragm to just above clavicle
30
what are each lung suspended in
pleural cavity
31
how many loves does the left lung have
2
32
how many loves down the right lung have
3
33
what are the 2 parts of pleural cavities
visceral pleura - covering lung surface parietal pleura - line walls of pleural cavity and surface of diaphragm
34
what do the 2 pleural layers resist
being pulled apart
35
what do tertiary bronchi lead into
bronchioles made of smooth muscle (bronchodilation / constriction)
36
what is the respiratory zone
presence of alveoli
37
where do bronchioles lead into
alveolar ducts lead into alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
38
what are alveoli
thin walled sacs composed of simple squamous epithelial cells for gas exchange fused to endothelium of surrounding pulmonary capillaries
39
what forms the respiratory membrane for external respiration
alveoli binded to endothelium of surrounding pulmonary capillaries
40
what gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane
CO2 enters alveoli from blood O2 enters blood from alveoli
41
what do great alveolar cells secrete
surfactant - stop walls of alveoli sticking together upon expiration
42
what 4 distinct processes must occur in respiration
1 - pulmonary ventilation 2 - external respiration 3 - gas transport 4 - internal respiration
43
what occurs during pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
inspiration and expiration
44
what occurs during external respiration
gas exchange between lungs and blood
45
what occurs during gas transport
movement of O2 and CO2 between lungs and cells
46
what occurs during internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and body cells
47
what do volume changes in pulmonary ventilation lead to
volume changes lead to pressure changes leading to flow of gases to equalise thoracic pressure to atmospheric pressure
48
what is boyle’s law
pressure of gases varies inversely with volume when one is increased, the other is decreased
49
what are the 2 types of thoracic cavity pressure
intrapulmonary pressure (within alveoli / lungs) intrapleural pressure (within pleural cavity)
50
what do respiratory muscles do in response to volume changes of thoracic cavity
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and relax
51
what occurs during contraction of the diaphragm
flattens diaphragm to enlarge the thoracic cavity (inhalation)
52
what occurs during relaxation of the diaphragm
causing diaphragm to rise and reduce thoracic cavity size (expiration)
53
what do external intercostal muscles do during breathing in
elevate ribs increasing the width and depth of thoracic cavity upon inspiration
54
what are the 5 steps of inspiration
1. diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (diaphragm lowers, ribcage rises) 2. parietal pleural lining to case is pulled upward and visceral pleural and this lungs follow 3. stretching of lungs increases intrapulmonary volume 4. intrapulmonary pressure decreases 5. gas exchange
55
56
what does intrapulmonary pressure =
atmospheric pressure
57
is expiration of passive or active process
passive
58
what does expiration rely on (2)
elastic recoil of lungs inward pull of surface tension
59
what are the 5 stages of expiration
1. diaphragm and IC muscles relax 2. thoracic cavity volume decreases 3. lungs recoil passively, intrapulmonary volume decreases 4. intrapulmonary pressure increases 5. gases flow out of lungs until intrapulmonary pressure = atmospheric pressure
60
what is alveolar gas composed of
O2 and N2 (inspired) CO2 and H2O (expiration)
61
what initiates gas exchange diffusion
partial pressure differences
62
what occurs in internal respiration involving exchange of gases
body cells have high CO2 and require O2 exchange of gases to balance occurs
63
how is oxygen transported in the body (2)
RBC haemoglobin dissolved in plasma
64
what are saturated Hb
all haem bound to oxygen
65
at rest, how much bound oxygen is unloaded during one systemic circulation
22%
66
if O2 levels in tissues drop locally (exercise) what happens to O2
more O2 can dissolve from Hb maintaining homeostasis (may not need to increase respiratory rate or cardiac output)
67
what 3 factors promote oxygen releasing from haemoglobin
increased temp increased CO2 increased H+
68
what are 3 ways CO2 in transported through the body
1. 5% in plasma 2. 5% bound to proteins like Hb and albumin 3. 90% as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma
69
what occurs in tissues to create H2CO3 (2)
CO2 diffuses into a RBC and combines with H2O to form carbonic acid this dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
70
what occurs at the lungs to form carbonic acid (3)
bicarbonate ions move back into RBC and binds with H+ to form carbonic acid carbonic acid split to release CO2 and water CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli
71
what js the medulla oblongatas role in respiration
sets basic rhythm of breathing (pacemaker) via intercostal and phrenic nerves (diaphragm)
72
what is the Pons role in respiration
adjusts the pace of respiration (irritants, emotions, stress)
73
what is the main stimulus for respiration rate
pH H+ concentration followed by CO2
74
what receptors monitor gas exchange
chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata , aorta and carotid artery monitor cerebrospinal fluid and blood

NURSING (12 decks)

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