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TISSUES AND INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

(137 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 groups of tissues

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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2
Q

what does epithelial tissue allow

A

allowing body to interact with both internal and external environments

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3
Q

what are the 3 components holding epithelial cells tightly together

A
  1. tight junctions - fusion of phospholipid layers
  2. desmosomes - patch of hook-like proteins
  3. gap junctions - channels between cells made of protein
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4
Q

what are 2 characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

avascular (without blood vessels)

receives nutrients via diffusion from vascular connective tissue

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5
Q

what are the 5 types of cell layers in epithelial tissue

A

simple
stratified
squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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6
Q

define a gland

A

one or more cells that secrete a product

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7
Q

what are the two types of glands

A

endocrine gland
exocrine gland

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8
Q

what is the function of endocrine glands

A

secretions of hormones into the blood

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9
Q

what is the function of exocrine glands

A

secretion or empties secretions into ducts out to the surface

ex milk, sweat, sebum

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10
Q

what are 2 characteristics of connective tissue

A

vascular
most abundant/ variable tissue

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11
Q

what are 2 functions of all connective tissue types

A

connects body to tissues
supports, strengthens and protects movement

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12
Q

what is connective tissue composed of

A

extracellular matrix
(non living material that separates cells)

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13
Q

what is extracellular matrix made of (2)

A
  1. ground tissue - water, adhesion proteins and polysaccharides
  2. protein fibres - collagen, elastic and reticular
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14
Q

what do protein fibres account for

A

functional properties of tissue

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15
Q

what is the most abundant protein fibre

A

collagen

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16
Q

what is the function of mucus membranes

A

line bodily openings, trapping microorganisms

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17
Q

what is adipose tissue composed of (1)

include ratios

A

adipocytes
90% subcutaneous (fuel, padding, body shape)
10% visceral (produce hormones)

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18
Q

5% of these cells are in adipose tissue

A

macrophages

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19
Q

what are organs composed of

A

2 or more tissue types working together

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20
Q

what are the 5 different connective tissue types

A

fibrous
adipose
blood
bone
cartilage

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21
Q

what are the 2 types of fibrous tissue

A

dense
loose

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22
Q

what is a characteristic of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

dominant collagen fibre (more than ground matrix)

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23
Q

what are 3 different types of dense connective tissue

A

tendons
ligaments
dermis

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24
Q

what do tendons do

A

attach muscles to bone (regular)

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25
what do ligaments do
attach bone to bone (regular)
26
what does the dermis do
lower layers of skin which is irregular
27
what is a characteristic of loose connective tissue (3)
more ground matrix, less cells and fibres randomly arranged, lots of space widely distributed
28
where is loose connective tissue found
positions organise, blood vessels and nerves
29
define integumentary system
organ system including skin, glands, hairs and nails
30
what are the 6 functions of the integumentary system
protection temp regulation cutaneous sensations metabolic functions blood reservoir excretion
31
what is the largest and heaviest organ
skin
32
what are the 3x layers in skin
epidermis dermis hypodermis
33
what is the outermost layer of skin
epidermis
34
what is the middle layer of skin
dermis
35
what is the deepest layer of skin
epidermis
36
what tissue is the epidermis composed of
stratified squamous epithelium
37
how often is the epidermis replaced
every 2-4 weeks
38
is epidermis vascular or avascular
avascular
39
what is the epidermis’s main function
protects due to being a barrier against hazardous products
40
what are stem cells
undifferentiated cells genetic keratinocytes
41
what are keratinocytes
cells that produce a fibrous protein called keratin
42
what is the function of keratin
structure, flexibility and water resistance
43
what are dendritic cells
phagocytic cells activate immune system continually eat and monitor what is on skin to present to immune system
44
what are tactile cells or discs
touch receptors in association with dermal sensory nerve endings
45
what are melanocytes
substances that produce melanin (pigment) long spider like extensions
46
what do melanocytes do with melanin
transfer melanin to keratinocytes to protect nucleus from UV light
47
what are the 5 layers of the skin (outer to inner)
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
48
what is the acronym for the layers of skin
Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt
49
what is the stratum basale attached to
dermis
50
what do stem cells in the stratum basale undergo
undergo mitosis to generate new keratinocytes and accelerate injury and mechanical stress
51
what is the main function of stratum basale
cell generation
52
what cells are found in the stratum spinosum
keratinocytes desmosomes
53
what is the function of stratum basale
provides strength and flexibility cells begin to flatten cytoskeleton
54
how many layers of keratinocytes are in stratum granulosum
3-5
55
what happens to organelles in the stratum granulosum
organelles degenerate and cells fallen, and die
56
what does the stratum granulosome accumulate
granules
57
what do the granules in the stratum granulosum secrete (2)
protein that binds keratin filaments together glycolipids that waterproofs against water loss and gain
58
in what skin layer does keratinization begin
stratum granulosum
59
what is in the stratum lucidum
rows of dead keratinocytes where friction is present
60
where is stratum lucidum found
thick skin - fingertips, palms, soles
61
what is the function of stratum lucidum
protection
62
how many layers of dead keratinised dead cells are there in stratum corneum
5-10
63
what is the function of the stratum corneum
tough, protective layer for protection
64
what is the outmost layer of the skin in epidermis
starting corneum
65
what is the function of the dermis
hold body together
66
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
67
what is the strongest layer of skin
dermis - mostly collagen
68
what is composed inside of the dermis
hair follicles and sweat glands
69
what is the function of the dermis
structural strength, elasticity and houses nerve endings and blood vessels
70
what are 2 nursing actions to do with skin and integumentary
transdermal drugs thermoregulation
71
define thermoregulation
regulation of core temp in body
72
where does the bodies thermostat (hypothalamus) receive input from
peripheral thermoreceptors (skin) central thermoreceptors (hypothalamus)
73
what does the hypothalamus do
initiates heat losing/gaining mechanisms
74
what tissue is the papillary layer
loose connective tissue
75
what is the papillary layer composed of
collagen and elastic fibres
76
what projects into the epidermis
dermal papillae
77
78
what do the granules in the stratum granulosum secrete (2)
protein that binds keratin filaments together glycolipid that waterproofs against water loss and gain
79
where does keratinization begin
stratum granulosum
80
what is in the stratum lucidum
rows of dead keratinocytes
81
where is the stratum lucidum found
where friction is present heals, palms , fingertips, soles only in thick skin
82
what is the function of the stratum lucidum
protection
83
what is the stratum corneum
outermost layer of the epidermis
84
how many layers of dead keratinised cells are in the stratum corneum
5-10
85
what is the function of the dermis
hold body together
86
what is dermis made up of
strong, flexible connective tissue due to being mostly collagen
87
is the dermis vascular or avascular
vascular
88
what is the purpose of the dermis
provides structural strength and elasticity, housing nerve endings
89
what are 2 nursing actions involved in the integumentary system
thermoregulation transdermal drugs
90
what does the boys thermostat do to regulate heat
hypothalamus recieves input from peripheral thermoreceptors or central thermoreceptors and initiates heat loss or promotion mechanisms
91
what tissue is in the papillary layer
loose connective tissue full of collagen
92
why is there a dermal papillae (3)
increase surface area for grip and sites for tactile corpuscles free nerve endings lips and genitals
93
what is the reticular (netlike) layer made up of
dense irregular connective tissue
94
how much percentage of the skins thickness does the reticular layer take up
80%
95
what 3 structures are in the reticular layer
fibroblasts, macrophages and lamellated corpuscles (deep pressure receptors)
96
what are the bundles of fibres purpose in reticular (netlike) layer of skin
orientated to resist stress
97
what tissue type is the hypodermis made from
loose connective tissue with adipocytes
98
what does the hypodermis do (4)
binds skin to underlying muscle acts as shock absorber insulator energy source
99
what are the 2 forms of melanocytes
eumelanin- brownish black pheomelanin- reddish brown
100
what is carotene
precursor of vitamin A yellow to orange pigment
101
what does too much UV lead to
skin cancer breaking down or folic acid
102
what does too little UV lead to
vitamin D deficiency limited amount from diet acquired
103
what is required to synthesis vitamin D
interaction of organs
104
what is the process of synthesising vitamin D
keratinocytes use UV to convert vitamin D3 to cholesterol liver converts cholesterol to calcidiol kidneys converts calcidiol to vitamin D
105
what is the function of calcitriol
raises blood calcium levels
106
what are 3 accessory organs contributing to homeostasis
sebaceous and sweat glands hair follicles and hair nails
107
what type of gland is a sebaceous gland
holocrine - cells accumulate a product then disintegrate
108
what is sebum
oily secretion upon skin that prevents cracking and lubricates and waterproofs surface
109
what type of glands are merocrine sweat glands
exocrine gland
110
what is the pH of sweat
4-6
111
what are 2 types of sweat glands
apocrine merocrine
112
what type of sweat is secreted my apocrine sweat glands
cloudy sweat containing lipids and proteins
113
where are hair follicles
fold in the epidermis down into dermis
114
what
115
what tissue is the hyperdermis made from
loose connective tissue with adipocytes
116
what is the role of the hypodermis
binds skin to underlying muscle shock absorber insulator energy source
117
what causes pigmentation in skin
melanin - melanocytes
118
what are the 2 forms of melanocytes
eumelanin pheomelanin
119
what is carotene
precursor of vitamin A
120
where is carotene found
stratum corneum and dermis
121
what does synthesis of vitamin D require
interaction with organs
122
what is the process of synthesising vitamin D
keratinocytes use UV to convert provitamin D3 to cholecalciderol liver converts to calcidiol kidneys convert calcidiol (active vitamin D)
123
what does calcutriol do
raises blood calcium levels
124
what are 3 accessory organs
sebaceous and sweat glands hair follicles and hair nails
125
what gland is a sebaceous gland
holocrine - produced product and disintegrates
126
what is sebum
oily secretion upon skin for protection, waterproofing and lubrication
127
what sweat do merocrine sweat glands produce
acidic sweat (pH 4-6)
128
what sweat does apocrine sweat glands produce
cloudy sweat containing lipids and proteins
129
what are the 2 types of sweat glands
apocrine merocrine
130
where are hair follicles found
folds in the epidermis down to the dermis
131
what is the purpose of piloerection muscles
smooth muscles pulls hair upright when cold/frightened (sympathetic response)
132
what are hair receptors
sensory nerve endings around each follicle
133
what are the 4 stages of skin regeneration
broken vessels bleed into cut (pathogens) blood clot (haemostasis) dermis epidermis
134
what do macrophages do during blood clotting
digest debris
135
what does the dermis do in skin regeneration
new fibroblasts, new collagen, new capillaries
136
what does epidermis do in skin regeneration
new keratinocytes migrate along epithelial edge of wound
137
what are 2 stages of tissue repair
regeneration - replacement of cells fibrosis - repair of dense connective tissue

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