HOMEOSTASIS AND BODY STRUCTURE

Question 1

what is the percentage of anatomy common in population

Answer 1

70%

Question 2

what is the percentage of anatomy that is variant in a population

Answer 2

30%

Question 3

what is physiological variability

Answer 3

sex, gender, age, weight, diet, physical activity

Question 4

what are the 7 structural components of hierarchy in the human body

Answer 4

1. living organisms
2. 11(12)x organ systems
3. organs
4. tissues
5. cells
6. organelles
7. molecules

Question 5

what are living organisms composed of and what are they capable of

Answer 5

organ systems
capable of life - growing, reproducing, chemical rxns

Question 6

what are the 11(12) organ systems

Answer 6

1. integumentary system
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. nervous
5. endocrine
6. cardiovascular
7. lymphatic
8. respiratory
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. reproductive

Question 7

what are organs composed of

Answer 7

tissues

Question 8

what are tissues composed of

Answer 8

cells

Question 9

what are cells composed of

Answer 9

organelles

Question 10

what are organelles composed of

Answer 10

molecules

Question 11

what are molecules composed of

Answer 11

atleast 2x atoms

Question 12

define homeostasis

Answer 12

the body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that reverse (negative feedback) it, and thereby maintain a relatively stable internal environment within ‘normal range’

Question 13

define physiology

Answer 13

group of regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostatic levels in the body

Question 14

how does the nervous system communicate with the body

Answer 14

electrochemical impulses delivered by nerves

Question 15

how does the endocrine system communicate with the body

Answer 15

secreting messengers (hormones) into bloodstream to target organs

Question 16

how does the immune system and microbial communicate with the body

Answer 16

producing chemical signals (hormones) into the blood and into nerves

Question 17

what are the 3 components of homeostatic control systems

Answer 17

receptor
integrating centre
effector

Question 18

define receptor

Answer 18

body structure senses a change in the bodies internal/external environment

Question 19

define integrating centre

Answer 19

process info and make decisions on whether/where to direct a response

Question 20

define efffector

Answer 20

carries out corrective action

Question 21

define negative feedback

Answer 21

self-correcting mechanism that keeps a viable to within its normal range (maintaining homeostasis)

Question 22

define positive feedback

Answer 22

self-amplifying mechanism where physiological change leads to an ever greater change in direction

Question 23

what is matter (2)

Answer 23

atoms - building blocks
molecules - composed of atoms

Question 24

what are atoms composed of

Answer 24

1. positive protons
2. neutral neutrons
3. negative electrons

Question 25

what is in the central nucleus of an atom

Answer 25

protons neutrons

Question 26

what circles in a cloud around the nucleus

Answer 26

electrons

Question 27

what are the 4x main elements the body requires

Answer 27

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Question 28

when an atom GAINS electrons, it becomes …

Answer 28

negatively charged

Question 29

when an atom LOSES electrons it becomes …

Answer 29

positively charged

Question 30

when at atom SHARES electrons

Answer 30

it becomes neutral

Question 31

define biochemistry

Answer 31

application of chemistry (atoms) to living systems (biological, cells)

Question 32

is H2O hydrophilic or phobic

Answer 32

hydrophillic

Question 33

what molecules can dissolves in H2O (2)

Answer 33

charged (Na+) polar (glucose)

Question 34

is fat-soluble hydrophobic or phillic

Answer 34

hydrophobic

Question 35

what molecules can dissolve in fat

Answer 35

non-polar neutral charge

Question 36

what are 4 organic compounds

Answer 36

carbs lipids proteins nucleotides

Question 37

what does carbon form

Answer 37

backbone of nucleotide long carbon chain

Question 38

what are organic compounds

Answer 38

polymers, built from basic units called monomers

Question 39

are carbs hydrophilic or phobic

Answer 39

hydrophilic macromolecules

Question 40

how many monomers are in 1 monosaccharides 2 disaccharides 3 polysaccharides

Answer 40

mono - 1 di - 2 poky - many

Question 41

are lipids hydrophilic or phobic

Answer 41

hydrophobic

Question 42

what are the 4 types of lipids

Answer 42

fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids steroids

Question 43

what are the 4 elements of proteins

Answer 43

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Question 44

what is the primary structure of a protein

Answer 44

sequence / chain of amino acids encoded by dna, produced by ribosomes

Question 45

what is the secondary structure of proteins

Answer 45

alpha helix beta pleated sheets held by hydrogen bonds

Question 46

define enzymes

Answer 46

proteins that enhance speed or likelihood of a chemical reaction occurring (catalyst)

Question 47

define denaturation of enzymes

Answer 47

extreme heat pH break chemical bonds causing change of shape and hence destroys function

Question 48

what are nucleus acids

Answer 48

polymers of nucleotides

Question 49

what are the 3 components of a nucleotide

Answer 49

deoxyribose sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base

Question 50

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases

Answer 50

adenine thymine guanine cytosine

Question 51

what is RNA

Answer 51

ribonucleic acid single polymer of nucleotides thymine replaced with uracil

Question 52

define nutrient

Answer 52

substance from food that is used in the body to provide energy (ATP) and regulates agents to support life

Question 53

what is ATP

Answer 53

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bodies energy-transfer molecule stores energy

Question 54

what vitamins are water soluble

Answer 54

B and C

Question 55

what vitamins are fat-soluble

Answer 55

A D E K

Question 56

where do vitamins B and C come from

Answer 56

watery components of food kidneys remove excess

Question 57

where to vitamins A, D , E and K come from

Answer 57

in fats and oils of food requires bile for absorption excess stored in adipose tissue and liver

Question 58

define UPF

Answer 58

ultra processed foods increased levels of glucose, fructose, triglycerides