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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the heart

A

pump of cardiovascular system
transports oxygen, nutrients and the waste around the body

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2
Q

how big is the heart

A

size of fist

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3
Q

where is the heart located

A

in thoracic cavity, in mediastinum
between lungs and deep sternum

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4
Q

where does the apex of the heart rest and point to

A

tests of diaphragm
points to left hip

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5
Q

what is the pericardium

A

double-walled sac around the heart

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6
Q

what are the 2 components of the outer parietal pericardium

A

superficial layer of irregular dense connective tissue that anchors heart

deeper serous layer that turns inward and becomes inner visceral pericardium (covering heart)

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7
Q

what is the pericardial cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral pericardium

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8
Q

what is the function of the pericardial cavity

A

lubricators membranes allowing heart to beat with minimum friction

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9
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall

A

wpicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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10
Q

what is the epicardium

A

thin and translucent with areas of adipose tissue that contains blood vessels

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11
Q

what is the myocardium

A

contains cardiomyocytes
cells are arranged in spiral bundles around chambers

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12
Q

what is the endocardium

A

lines heart and valves
continuous epithelium of blood vessels

smooth lining minimises friction as blood pores over it

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13
Q

how is the heart internally supported

A

fibrous skeleton of dense irregular connective tissue

valves
attachmnet site for cardiomyocytes
electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

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14
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right and left atrium - receive blood from veins

right and left ventricle - pump blood into arteries

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15
Q

where do ventricles put blood

A

pump blood into arteries to go AWAY from heart

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16
Q

where to atriums pump blood

A

receive blood from veins that comes towards heart

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17
Q

what is the thickness of atrium walls like

A

thin walled - only push blood into right or left ventricle

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18
Q

how does the right atrium receive blood

A

recieves blood via superior vena cava and inferior vena caba and coronary sinus

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19
Q

what are the atria separated by

A

interatrial septum

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20
Q

what is the thickness of ventricle walls like

A

pumping chambers of the heart = THICK

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21
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood to

A

into pulmonary arteries to lungs

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22
Q

where does the left ventricle pump blood to

A

pumps into aorta to go to body

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23
Q

what are ventricles separated by

A

interventricular septum

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24
Q

what is the aorta

A

major artery of body

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25
what do they arteries off the aorta carry
oxygenated blood to tissues
26
what is the epicardium filled with
fat and coronary vessels
27
what is the coronary sulcus
encircles heart separates atria from ventricles
28
what is the interventricular sulci
boundary between right and left ventricles
29
what are the 2 side by side pumps
pulmonary circuit systemic circuit
30
what is the pulmonary circuit
blood pump to lungs via pulmonary arteries for gas exchange (RV) and is returned to heart in pulmonary veins
31
what is the systemic circuit
blood pumped to body tissue via aorta to release oxygen and nutrients and receive wastes (LV) and is returned to heart in vena cava
32
what is the pressure and distance like in the pulmonary circuit
short , low pressure
33
what does the pulmonary circuit consist of
pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins
34
what is the distance and pressure like in the systemic circuit
long, high pressure 5x more resistance than aorta and vena cava LV wall is 5x thicker
35
what is the coronary artery
first and only arteries off the ascending aorta
36
what does the coronary artery do
supplies blood to heart tissue during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
37
what are the 4 heart valves made of
dense connective tissue covered by endocardium
38
what do heart valves ensure
one way flow of blood
39
when the heart contracts internal pressure …
increases
40
when the heart relaxes , internal pressure….
decreases
41
the right side of the heart pumps blood to
lungs
42
what are the valves in the right side of the heart
tricuspid (3x) pulmonary
43
the left side of the heart receives blood from the …
body
44
what valves are on the left side of the heart
mitral (2 cusps) aortic
45
what is the function of tricuspid and mitral valves
blood flows from atria into ventricles through the tricuspid and mitral valves during ventricular relaxation
46
what happens when ventricles contract ( valves)
blood forced against valves valves prevent backflow by pulling on chirdinae tendinae (attached to cusps) causing ventricular blood to push upon and open the pulmonary and aortic valves
47
what happens during ventricular relaxation ( valves)
cusps of aortic and pulmonary veins fill with the backflow of blood and close together
48
what are heart sounds produced by?
heart valves closing
49
what does the first sound “lubb” signify
start of ventricular contraction mitral and tricuspid valves closing
50
what does the second sound “dub” signify
aortic and pulmonary valves closing
51
what are cardiomyocytes (4)
striated, short, branched and involuntary
52
how are cardiomyocytes joined
by intercalated discs that contain: desmosomes gap junctions
53
what do cardiomyocytes ensure
mechanical and electrical continuity each chamber functions as 1 coordinated unit
54
what do cardiomyocytes do
aerobic respiration for ATP
55
how can cardiomyocytes initiate a heartbeat
have an intrinsic ability to spontaneously depolarise (electrically excite) and initiate heartbeat
56
what is the SA (sinoatrial) node
pacemaker of the heart in the right atrium that maintains the sinus rhythm
57
how does depolarisation occur in node cells
plasma membrane of node cells are leaky, allowing Na+ in this depolarises cells, setting off action potential this electrical signal spreads throughout both atria via gap junctions, causing contraction
58
what is the atrioventricular (AV) node
interatrial septum delays signals from progressing to provide time for the ventricles to fill with blood @ 50bpm
59
what is an atrioventricular bundle
chord of cells that leaves AV node and travels to the interventricular septum forks into right and left bundle branches, descend towards apex
60
what are perkunje fibres
arise from each bundle branch , pass down interventricular septum and turn upward at apex excites ventricular myocardium so centric and contract near unison
61
what do perkunji fibres beat at
30bpm
62
what does the SA node beat at
100bpm controlled to 75bpm
63
what is bradycardia in HR
below 60
64
what is tachycardia in HR
above 100
65
what is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
records electrical conductivity of heart P wace shows atrial depolarisation QRS complex shows ventricular depolarisation
66
what does the P wave show
atrial depolarisation (electrical excitation)
67
what does the QRS complex show
ventricular depolarisation
68
what does the T wave show
ventricular repolarisation (return to resting membrane potential)
69
what is 1x cardiac cycle
1 contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers in response to electrical conductivity
70
what happens during systole
chambers contract resulting in depolarisation expelling blood from chambers
71
what happens during diastole
chambers relax resulting in repolarisation allowing chambers to refill
72
during ventricular systole how much blood is propelled forward by each ventricle
70ml
73
what is venous return
blood volume returning to heart increasing Stroke Volume
74
the more the ventricles stretch…. the stronger the …..
contraction
75
what is cardiac output
amount of blood pumped out by one ventricle in one minute HR x Stroke volume = cardiac output
76
what is blood pressure a measure of
pressure in large arteries the forces exerted by blood on a vessel wall
77
78
how is blood pressure measured
mmHg recorded as ratio (120/80)
79
how is blood prevented from flowing back is diastole
by a closing aortic valve and aorta recoiling
80
where is blood forced during systole
forced into elastic aorta , producing pressure peak
81
what is the gradient for blood pressure
blood moving from area of high pressure to low pressure highest in aorta, declines as distance from the heart increases
82
how is fluid between capillaries and tissues detected (2)
blood pressure osmotic pressure
83
how does BP move fluids
BO forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries and into tissue fluid
84
how does osmotic pressure move fluids
draws fluid back into capillaries by osmosis due to capillaries having high solute conc
85
what is the atrial end of capillary bed like with bp and osmotic pressure
bp larger that op fluid flows from capillary to tissue fluid
86
what happens at the venous end of the capillary bed with bp and osmotic pressure
op larger than bp fluid flows from tissue fluid to capillary through osmosis
87
what are baroreceptors
monitors BP in sorta and internal carotid arteries transmits signals in vasomotor centre in medulla oblongata centre signals arteries to vasodilate if bp to high, or vasoconstrict if BP too low
88
what does endocrine control
conservation of water increasing blood volume, and thus BP activates renin-angiotensin a fostering mechanism increasing sodium reabsorption by kidneys raising BP

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