DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

what are the 7 components of the digestive tube

Answer 1

mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

Question 2

what are the 5 accessory organs

Answer 2

teeth
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

Question 3

define deglutition

Answer 3

swallowing centre in medulla oblongata coordinating muscle of larynx and pharynx

Question 4

what is the oral and buccal phase of deglutition

Answer 4

voluntary (skeletal muscle)
food formed in bolus

Question 5

what is the pharyngeal phase

Answer 5

involuntary
all pathways blocked except stomach

Question 6

what is the oesophageal phase

Answer 6

involuntary
peristalsis moves bolus down

Question 7

what is the oesophagus

Answer 7

tube
pharynx
to stomach through diaphragm

Question 8

what are the 4 layers within the digestive tube

Answer 8

mucosa
submucosa
muscular externa
serosa (peritoneum)

Question 9

what is the mucosa lining of the digestive tube

Answer 9

innermost layer
stratified epithelium in mouth, pharynx and oesophagus
excoriate cells produce mucus and fluid

Question 10

what is the submucosa layer of the digestive tube

Answer 10

loose connective tissue

involves blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, dendritic cells and epithelial glands

Question 11

what is the muscularis externa layer of the digestive tube

Answer 11

food movement

smooth muscle cells

inner circular layer - encircles tract, forms sphincters

outer longitudinal layer - cells run longitudinally

Question 12

what is the peritoneum

Answer 12

simple squamous epithelium
lining of cavity

Question 13

what are the 2 parts of the peritoneum

Answer 13

visceral peritoneum - covers external surfaces of most digestive organs

parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity

Question 14

what are mesenteries

Answer 14

large fold of peritoneum supporting viscera

routes for blood vessels , lymphatics, nerves and fats

Question 15

what does the enteric nervous system control

Answer 15

local activities , regulated by autonomic nervous system

Question 16

what are the 2 parts of the enteric nervous system

Answer 16

submucosal nerve plexus - gland secretion

myenteric nerve plexus - muscular externa

Question 17

where is the stomach located

Answer 17

left hypochondriac region

Question 18

where does food enter at the stomach

Answer 18

cardioesophageal sphincter by pressing against it

Question 19

how long can the stomach store food

Answer 19

2-4 hours

Question 20

what action does the stomach do with food

Answer 20

mechanical digestion (churning)
chemical digestion (breaking down proteins and fat)

Question 21

what released chyme into small intestine

Answer 21

pyloric sphincter

Question 22

what is chyme

Answer 22

processed food

Question 23

what is stomach mucosa made of

Answer 23

sticky bicarbonate-rich mucus

Question 24

what are gastric glands

Answer 24

cells that produce gastric lipase and pepsinogen (digestive enzymes which break down food )

Question 25

what are enteroedocrine cells

Answer 25

hormones that regulate digestion

Question 26

what is the role of regenerative stem cells

Answer 26

cells that replace every 3-6 days

Question 26

how thick is the small intestine

Answer 26

2.5cm

Question 27

what connects small intestine to system

Answer 27

pyloric sphincter

Question 28

how long can the small intestine store food

Answer 28

3-6 hours

Question 29

what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine

Answer 29

duodenum jejunum ileum

Question 30

what is the role of the duodenum

Answer 30

initiates chemical digestion by mixing chyme with bile and pancreatic enzymes

Question 31

what is the function of the jejunum

Answer 31

main site for nutrient absorption

Question 32

what is the function of the ileum

Answer 32

absorbs vitamin B bile salts and nutrients

Question 33

what is villi

Answer 33

finger like projections of mucosa that trap microorganisms

Question 34

what are the 2 parts of food movement

Answer 34

segmentation peristalsis

Question 35

what is segmentation

Answer 35

ring like constrictions move materials back and fourth to aid mixing, mechanical breakdown and absorption

Question 36

what is peristalsis

Answer 36

wave of contractions to squeeze food through colon

Question 37

what is the function of the large intestine

Answer 37

compacts residue into faeces

Question 38

what is the appendix

Answer 38

lymphatic tissue microbiota reserve

Question 39

what are the 6 parts of the colon

Answer 39

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum

Question 40

which parts of the colon are part of the abdomen

Answer 40

ascending, transverse, descending

Question 41

what part of the colon is apart of the pelvic cavity

Answer 41

sigmoid

Question 42

what are 2 important functions of the large intestine

Answer 42

haustral contractions mass movements

Question 43

what are haustral contractions

Answer 43

slow, segmental , every 30 mins moving contents into haustra

Question 44

what are mass movements

Answer 44

slow powerful movements 3-4 times a day triggered by filling stomach and duodenum

Question 45

what are faeces made of

Answer 45

75% water 25% solids - ingestible foods

Question 46

how much water does the digestive tract receive daily

Answer 46

9L

Question 47

what is the function of the rectum

Answer 47

temporary store of faeces (large hemorrhoidal veins)

Question 48

what are the 2 sphincters of the anus

Answer 48

external sphincter (anal) - skeletal muscle , voluntary internal sphincter - smooth muscle , involuntary

Question 49

what is the function of teeth

Answer 49

masticate (mechanical breakdown of food)

Question 50

what are the 4 types of permanent teeth

Answer 50

incisors canines premolars molars

Question 51

what do molars do

Answer 51

grinding

Question 52

what do premolars do

Answer 52

grinding

Question 53

what do canines do

Answer 53

tearing or piercing

Question 54

what do inscisors do

Answer 54

cutting

Question 55

what do salivary glands do

Answer 55

empty secretions into mouth via ducts

Question 56

what are the 3 salivary glands in the mouth

Answer 56

parotid glands (back) submandibular glands (under tongue) sublingual glands (lower jaw)

Question 57

what is the primary function of saliva

Answer 57

moistens to help form food bolus contains digestive enzymes with break down food (chemical digestion)

Question 58

where is the pancreas located

Answer 58

extending from spleen to duodenum

Question 59

where is the main source of negative enzymes

Answer 59

pancreas

Question 60

what is the pancreas stimulated by to release digestive enzymes

Answer 60

vagus nerve hormones

Question 61

what is the liver connected to

Answer 61

gall bladder

Question 62

what does the liver do with bile

Answer 62

secretes bile into bile canaliculi

Question 63

what does bile contain (3)

Answer 63

bile salts contained - emulsifies fat bile pigments - bilirubin = stool colour cholesterol, phospholipids and electrolytes

Question 64

where is bile stored

Answer 64

gallbladder

Question 65

how does bile enter duodenum

Answer 65

via major duodenal papilla

Question 66

what are the 5 stages of digestion

Answer 66

ingestion digestion absorption compaction defecation

Question 67

where are the 3 actions of mechanical digestion

Answer 67

mastication in mouth churning in stomach segmentation in small intestines

Question 68

what is chemical digestion

Answer 68

enzymes break food down into their building blocks

Question 69

how are monosaccharides and amino acids transported to liver

Answer 69

bus hepatic portal system

Question 70

how are carbohydrates broken down or digested

Answer 70

chemical digestion and absorption pancreatic enzymes brush bored enzymes

Question 71

how are proteins absorbed into the body

Answer 71

chemical digestion and absorption stomach enzymes pancreatic enzymes brush border enzymes

Question 72

how is fat absorbed or ingested into body

Answer 72

fats are transported into entereocytes by micelles , then packaged into chylomicrons which enter lacteals