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CELLS AND ORGANELLES Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

define plasma membrane
location
function

A

surrounding cell, barrier between cell and environment

controlling what entered and exits cell

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2
Q

cytoplasm structure, location, function

A

structure - jellylike fluid filling space of cell

location - in cell

function - holds organelles in place

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

function- stores genetic material (DNA) and is the control centre of the cell

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

assembles, makes ribosomes

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5
Q

what is the function of the nuclear membrane

A

separates nucleus / genetic info from cell organelles

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6
Q

what is the function of the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear envelope - 2x membranes around nucleus, perforated by pores which control what enters and exits nucleus

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7
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membrane channels and sacs in cytoplasm

smooth and rough

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8
Q

what is the function of the ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum (3)

A

covered in ribosomes

produces phospholipids
ribosomes synthesise proteins
storage and transport of proteins

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9
Q

what is the function of the SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum (3)

A

not covered in ribosomes

making and storing lipids
synthesising steroids from cholesterol, glycogen and stores calcium
detoxified alcohol and drugs at liver

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10
Q

what endoplasmic reticulum is covered in ribosomes

A

ROUGH

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11
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus (3)

A

modifying proteins
packaging proteins for secretion
package into vesicles
synthesis of carbohydrates

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12
Q

what is the golgi apparatus known as

A

package centre

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13
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

digests old and work out organelles, breaking down large molecules in the cell

packages hydrolytic enzymes (break down/destroying enzymes)

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14
Q

what is the function of the centrioles

A

involved in pulling apart chromosomes in anaphase of cell division

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15
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

framework giving cell it’s structure

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16
Q

what are the proteins in the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

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17
Q

what are 4 functions of the cytoskeleton

A

structure
support
strength
transport

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18
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

synthesises ATP which is energy
site of cellular respiration to create ATP

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19
Q

what are the inner membrane fold of the mitochondria called

A

christae

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20
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

joining amino acids together to make proteins

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21
Q

what is the function of vesicles

A

to perform endo/exocytosis to remove/expel/add substances in/out of cell

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22
Q

what are the three steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. two nucleotide strands of dna separated (helicase)
  2. dna is then TRANSCRIBED into messenger rna (polymerase)
  3. ribosome reads mrna and TRANSLATES into an amino acid
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23
Q

what is the plasma membrane known as

A

phospholipid bilayer

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24
Q

what is the phospholipid bilayer composed of (2)

A

LIPIDS - phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids

PROTEINS - receptors, enzymes, channels, adhesion

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25
what are the 6 types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer
receptors enzymes channels gated channels cell identity markers cell adhesion molecules
26
what are microvilli
extensions of plasma membrane to increase surface area and absorption
27
what is cilia
hair like , longer than microvilli
28
what are the 2 types of cilia
non-motile motile
29
what is non-motile cilia
one per cell monitors nearby conditions ex. inner ear
30
what is motile cilia
multiple beat in waves , sweeping substances across surfaces ex. lining respiratory tract
31
define PASSIVE transport
no energy/ATP required molecules move DOWN concentration gradient
32
what are the two types of passive transport
simple diffusion facilitated diffusion
33
define simple diffusion
non polar, fat soluble water insoluble hydrophobic diffuse through phospholipid bilayer
34
define facilitated diffusion
polar (electrolytes) fat insoluble water-soluble hydrophilic carrier and channel proteins assist diffusion
35
what is osmosis
simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
36
what is water concentration of a solution determined by
determined by the concept of solute because solute displaces water molecules ex. if solute conc = low, water conc = high
37
define osmolarity
conc of solute in solution
38
water moves ______ concentration gradient in osmosis
DOWN
39
define tonicity
ability of a solution to cause the cell to shrink
40
define HYPOtonic
has a lesser solute concentration (more water than cell)
41
define ISOtonic
has the same solute concentration and water concentration as cell
42
define HYPERtonic
has greater solute conc (less water) than cell
43
define active transport
molecules move UP their concentration gradient (low to high) required energy/ATP
44
define vescular transport
required ATP molecules in vesicles exo/endocytosis
45
what are the 5 stages of mitosis cell division
INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE
46
what occurs during interphase
protein synthesis DNA replication makes enough chromosomes for 2 cells
47
define mitosis
one pre-existing cell divides into 2 new identical cells
48
what occurs during prophase (3)
chromosomes compacted nuclear envelope disintegrates centrioles sprout microtubules
49
what occurs during metaphase
chromosomes line up in MIDDLE of cell
50
what occurs during ANAPHASE
centromeres split, chromatids are separated APART
51
what occurs during telophase
nuclear membrane formed cytokinesis completes division into 2 identical daughter cells
52
define microorganisms
large group of organisms
53
what are the 5 cellular organisms
bacteria archea fungi protists helminths
54
what are the 2 a-cellular infectious agents
virus prions
55
define A-cellular
WITHOUT CELL
56
define bacteria
prokaryote no internal membrane (no nuclear membrane around dna)
57
is bacteria cellular or unicellular
unicellular
58
what dna does bacteria contain
1 linear or circular chromosome
59
what is the function of the bacterial cell wall
rigid structure outside plasma membrane to resist dehydration (shrinking) or swelling (bursting)
60
what are the 2 types of bacteria cell walls
gram positive gram negative
61
what is the gram positive of the bacterial cell walls function
stained purple thick peptidoglycan layer (sugars linked to amino acids) sensitive to penicillin and lysosome
62
what is the gram negative layer of the cell wall in bacteria
stained pink think peptidoglycan layer additional layer (outermost) not sensitive to penicillin and lysosome
63
what are 6 features of bacteria
glycocalyx fimbrae flagellum sex pilus binary fission endospores
64
what is an endospore
formed in mother cell
65
what are the 6 requirements for bacteria
water energy source suitable pH and temp anaerobic and aerobic darkness no UV light
66
what are the 3 steps of bacteria making survival endospores
dna duplicated endospores formed in mother cell mother cell degrades, endospore released with protective coat
67
what do viruses not have (3)
no plasma membrane custodial or organelles
68
what do virus’s require to reproduce
host cells (animals or bacteria)
69
what are viruses mostly classified as
bacteriophages - eat bacteria cells
70
what are 4 characteristics of viruses
nucleus acid (dna or rna) protein coat spikes attached to receptors for host cells some enveloped by phospholipid membrane from previous host cells
71
what is removed once viruses enter host cells
capsid
72
what do viruses use to reproduce
ribosomes
73
what are prions
infectious agents composed of a single protein
74
what are the 2 causes of prions when ingested
cellular PrP to refill into disease causing prion PrP
75
how are viruses transmitted
portals of energy and exit body openings and surfaces

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