blood part 1 red blood cells

Question 1

SOAP

Answer 1

S-subjective (personal feelings, observations, symptoms
O- objective (symptoms that can be measured)
A- assessment (diagnosis)
P- plan (tests and treatments)

Question 2

blood

Answer 2

fluid connective tissue

Question 3

blood main components

Answer 3

Plasma and formed elements

Question 4

formed elements

Answer 4

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
Platelets

Question 5

Hematocrit

Answer 5

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

Question 6

hematocrit for males vs females

Answer 6

47% (plus or minus) 5% for males

42% (plus or minus) 5% for females

Question 7

Physical Characteristics of blood

Answer 7

Sticky, opaque fluid

Color scarlet to dark red

Question 8

blood: Ph, Temp, and volume (males and females)

Answer 8

pH 7.35–7.45
38 C (100.4 F)
5-6 L male, 4-5 L females
8% body weight

Question 9

Functions of blood

Answer 9

Distribution
regulation
protection

Question 10

blood function: distribution

Answer 10

Distribution of
O2 and nutrients to body cells
Metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
Hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

Question 11

blood function: regulation

Answer 11

Regulation of
Body temperature
Maintain normal pH using buffers
Adequate fluid volume

Question 12

blood function: protection

Answer 12

Protection against
Blood loss (clot formation)
infection (antibodies, WBCs, complement proteins)

Question 13

composition of blood plasma

Answer 13

90% water
8% proteins (mostly produced by liver)
1% extra

Question 14

blood plasma proteins

Answer 14

60% albumin (helps move small molecules, keeps from leaking)
36% globulins (Ph buffering, transport)
4% fibrinogen (blood clotting)

Question 15

Blood plasma extra 1%

Answer 15

nitrogenous by products
nutrients
electrolytes
O2 and CO2
hormones

Question 16

formed elements, which ones are complete and non complete cells

Answer 16

only WBCs are complete cells
RBCs have no nuclei or organelles
platelets are cell fragments

Question 17

how long do formed elements survive

Answer 17

only a few days

Question 18

where do most blood cells originate

Answer 18

in bone marrow and don’t divide

Question 19

what are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity

Answer 19

Erythrocytes

Question 20

Erythrocytes description

Answer 20

Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
Contain the plasma membrane protein spectrin and other proteins (for flexibility)

Question 21

in erythrocytes, what Structural characteristics contribute to gas transport

Answer 21

Biconcave shape—huge surface area relative to volume
>97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
No mitochondria; ATP production is anaerobic; no O2 is used in generation of ATP

Question 22

Erythrocyte Function

Answer 22

respiratory gas transport

hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen

Question 23

Hemoglobin structure

Answer 23

Protein globin (2A 2B)
Heme pigment to globin
iron atom bound to one 02 molecule

Question 24

how much oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport

Answer 24

four O2

Question 25

Hemoglobin O2 loading in the lungs produces

Answer 25

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

Question 26

Hemoglobin O2 unloading in the tissues | Produces

Answer 26

deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

Question 27

Hemoglobin CO2 loading in the tissues | Produces

Answer 27

carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)

Question 28

HOW DOES BLOOD “KNOW” WHEN TO RELEASE O2?

Answer 28

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is affected by CO2 concentration (and pH) More CO2 changes ph (more acidic), changes hb shape, causes O2 drop

Question 29

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

Answer 29

blood cell formation

Question 30

Hematopoiesis occurs where

Answer 30

Occurs in red bone marrow (spongy bone) of axial skeleton, girdles (shoulder, hip) and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 31

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)

Answer 31

Give rise to all formed elements

Question 32

what pushes cells toward specific pathway of blood development

Answer 32

hormones and growth factors

Question 33

Erythropoiesis definition

Answer 33

red blood cell production

Question 34

Erythropoiesis steps

Answer 34

A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast | Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

Question 35

Erythropoiesis phases in development

Answer 35

1) Ribosome made 2) Hemoglobin increase 3) Get rid of nucleus 4) form reticulocytes 5) Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

Question 36

Too few RBCs leads to

Answer 36

tissue hypoxia | reduced oxygen, bleeding

Question 37

Too many RBCs increases

Answer 37

blood viscosity

Question 38

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

Answer 38

Hormonal controls | Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

Question 39

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 39

Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis (making RBC)

Question 40

When is EPO released and in response to what

Answer 40

Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

Question 41

Causes of hypoxia

Answer 41

``` Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency) Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes, vigorous exercise, lack of breathing) ```

Question 42

Effects of EPO

Answer 42

More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells | Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1–2 days

Question 43

what can also enhance EPO production

Answer 43

testosterone

Question 44

homeostasis steps for blood level oxygen

Answer 44

stimulus: hypoxia kidney releases EPO EPO stimulates red bone marrow increases RBC count O2 carrying blood ability increases

Question 45

Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis

Answer 45

Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates Iron Vitamin B12 and folic acid—necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division

Question 46

life span of red blood cells

Answer 46

100–120 days

Question 47

destruction of red blood cells

Answer 47

Old RBCs become fragile, and Hb begins to degenerate Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen Heme and globin are separated

Question 48

Heme and globin are separated

Answer 48

Iron is salvaged for reuse Heme is degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin Liver secretes bilirubin (in bile)) into the intestines Degraded pigment leaves the body in feces Globin is metabolized into amino acids

Question 49

Erythrocyte Disorders

Answer 49

anemia | Polycythemia

Question 50

anemia

Answer 50

blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity | A sign rather than a disease itself

Question 51

Anemia symptoms

Answer 51

Accompanied by fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

Question 52

causes of anemia

Answer 52

insufficient RBCs Low hemoglobin content Abnormal hemoglobin

Question 53

Hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 53

acute or chronic loss of blood

Question 54

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 54

RBCs rupture prematurely

Question 55

Aplastic anemia

Answer 55

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

Question 56

hypochromic anemia

Answer 56

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 57

iron deficiency anemia causes

Answer 57

Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or Impaired iron absorption

Question 58

Pernicious anemia

Answer 58

Deficiency of vitamin B12 Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12 Treated by intramuscular injection of B12

Question 59

Thalassemias

Answer 59

Absent or faulty globin chain | RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

Question 60

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 60

Defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) | Causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low-oxygen situations

Question 61

Polycythemia

Answer 61

excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

Question 62

Polycythemia results from

Answer 62

Polycythemia vera—bone marrow cancer Secondary polycythemia—when less O2 is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases Blood doping