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Anatomy > blood part 1 red blood cells > Flashcards

blood part 1 red blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

SOAP

A

S-subjective (personal feelings, observations, symptoms
O- objective (symptoms that can be measured)
A- assessment (diagnosis)
P- plan (tests and treatments)

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2
Q

blood

A

fluid connective tissue

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3
Q

blood main components

A

Plasma and formed elements

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4
Q

formed elements

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells, or RBCs)
Leukocytes (white blood cells, or WBCs)
Platelets

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percent of blood volume that is RBCs

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6
Q

hematocrit for males vs females

A

47% (plus or minus) 5% for males

42% (plus or minus) 5% for females

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7
Q

Physical Characteristics of blood

A

Sticky, opaque fluid

Color scarlet to dark red

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8
Q

blood: Ph, Temp, and volume (males and females)

A

pH 7.35–7.45
38 C (100.4 F)
5-6 L male, 4-5 L females
8% body weight

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9
Q

Functions of blood

A

Distribution
regulation
protection

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10
Q

blood function: distribution

A

Distribution of
O2 and nutrients to body cells
Metabolic wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination
Hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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11
Q

blood function: regulation

A

Regulation of
Body temperature
Maintain normal pH using buffers
Adequate fluid volume

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12
Q

blood function: protection

A

Protection against
Blood loss (clot formation)
infection (antibodies, WBCs, complement proteins)

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13
Q

composition of blood plasma

A

90% water
8% proteins (mostly produced by liver)
1% extra

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14
Q

blood plasma proteins

A

60% albumin (helps move small molecules, keeps from leaking)
36% globulins (Ph buffering, transport)
4% fibrinogen (blood clotting)

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15
Q

Blood plasma extra 1%

A 
nitrogenous by products
nutrients
electrolytes
O2 and CO2
hormones
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16
Q

formed elements, which ones are complete and non complete cells

A

only WBCs are complete cells
RBCs have no nuclei or organelles
platelets are cell fragments

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17
Q

how long do formed elements survive

A

only a few days

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18
Q

where do most blood cells originate

A

in bone marrow and don’t divide

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19
Q

what are the major factor contributing to blood viscosity

A

Erythrocytes

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20
Q

Erythrocytes description

A

Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
Filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
Contain the plasma membrane protein spectrin and other proteins (for flexibility)

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21
Q

in erythrocytes, what Structural characteristics contribute to gas transport

A

Biconcave shape—huge surface area relative to volume
>97% hemoglobin (not counting water)
No mitochondria; ATP production is anaerobic; no O2 is used in generation of ATP

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22
Q

Erythrocyte Function

A

respiratory gas transport

hemoglobin binds reversibly with oxygen

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23
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Protein globin (2A 2B)
Heme pigment to globin
iron atom bound to one 02 molecule

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24
Q

how much oxygen can each hemoglobin molecule transport

A

four O2

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25
Q

Hemoglobin O2 loading in the lungs produces

A

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

26
Q

Hemoglobin O2 unloading in the tissues

Produces

A

deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

27
Q

Hemoglobin CO2 loading in the tissues

Produces

A

carbaminohemoglobin (carries 20% of CO2 in the blood)

28
Q

HOW DOES BLOOD “KNOW” WHEN TO RELEASE O2?

A

Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is affected by CO2 concentration (and pH)
More CO2 changes ph (more acidic), changes hb shape, causes O2 drop

29
Q

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

A

blood cell formation

30
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs where

A

Occurs in red bone marrow (spongy bone) of axial skeleton, girdles (shoulder, hip) and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

31
Q

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)

A

Give rise to all formed elements

32
Q

what pushes cells toward specific pathway of blood development

A

hormones and growth factors

33
Q

Erythropoiesis definition

A

red blood cell production

34
Q

Erythropoiesis steps

A

A hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast

Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

35
Q

Erythropoiesis phases in development

A

1) Ribosome made
2) Hemoglobin increase
3) Get rid of nucleus
4) form reticulocytes
5) Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

36
Q

Too few RBCs leads to

A

tissue hypoxia

reduced oxygen, bleeding

37
Q

Too many RBCs increases

A

blood viscosity

38
Q

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

A

Hormonal controls

Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins

39
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis (making RBC)

40
Q

When is EPO released and in response to what

A

Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

41
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A 
Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes, vigorous exercise, lack of breathing)
42
Q

Effects of EPO

A

More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow cells

Increased circulating reticulocyte count in 1–2days

43
Q

what can also enhance EPO production

A

testosterone

44
Q

homeostasis steps for blood level oxygen

A

stimulus: hypoxia
kidney releases EPO EPO stimulates red bone marrow
increases RBC count
O2 carrying blood ability increases

45
Q

Dietary Requirements for Erythropoiesis

A

Nutrients—amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Iron
Vitamin B12 and folic acid—necessary for DNA synthesis for cell division

46
Q

life span of red blood cells

A

100–120 days

47
Q

destruction of red blood cells

A

Old RBCs become fragile, and Hb begins to degenerate
Macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen
Heme and globin are separated

48
Q

Heme and globin are separated

A

Iron is salvaged for reuse
Heme is degraded to yellow the pigment bilirubin
Liver secretes bilirubin (in bile)) into the intestines
Degraded pigment leaves the body in feces
Globin is metabolized into amino acids

49
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

A

anemia

Polycythemia

50
Q

anemia

A

blood has abnormally low O2-carrying capacity

A sign rather than a disease itself

51
Q

Anemia symptoms

A

Accompanied by fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

52
Q

causes of anemia

A

insufficient RBCs
Low hemoglobin content
Abnormal hemoglobin

53
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

acute or chronic loss of blood

54
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs rupture prematurely

55
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

56
Q

hypochromic anemia

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

57
Q

iron deficiency anemia causes

A

Secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or
Impaired iron absorption

58
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Deficiency of vitamin B12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12
Treated by intramuscular injection of B12

59
Q

Thalassemias

A

Absent or faulty globin chain

RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin

60
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Defective gene codes for abnormal hemoglobin (HbS)

Causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low-oxygen situations

61
Q

Polycythemia

A

excess of RBCs that increase blood viscosity

62
Q

Polycythemia results from

A

Polycythemia vera—bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia—when less O2 is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases
Blood doping

Anatomy (29 decks)

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