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chapter 2 chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

elements that make up body mass

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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2
Q

planetary model

A

outdated, general orbit of electrons,

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3
Q

orbital model

A

current model, grey electron cloud, used to predict probable region of electron

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4
Q

orbitals

A

regions around nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found

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5
Q

atomic number

A

number of proteins in atom also indirectly number of electrons

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6
Q

mass number

A

mass of protons and neutrons together

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7
Q

isotopes

A

structural variations that differ in number of neutrons for elements

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8
Q

atomic weight

A

average of mass numbers of isotopes

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9
Q

radioisotopes

A

atoms decompose into more stable forms

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10
Q

radioactivity occurs when

A

alpha, beta, or gamma particles are ejected from nucleus

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11
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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12
Q

compound

A

2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

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13
Q

mixtures

A

two or more compounds physically intermixed

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14
Q

three types of mixtures

A

solutions, colloids, suspensions

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15
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture, transparent, sea water or air

cant see path of light

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16
Q

solvent

A

present in greatest amount, usually liquid, being dissolved in

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17
Q

solute

A

what is being dissolved, smaller amounts

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18
Q

colloids

A

heterogeneous, translucent, milky, larger particles but dont settle out, gelatin

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19
Q

suspensions

A

heterogenous mixtures with large particles, visible, tend to settle out, sand water

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20
Q

mixtures vs compounds

A

mixtures` no chemical bonds, can be seperated physically, hetero or homo
compounds- seperated only by breaking bonds, homo

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21
Q

electron farthest from nucleus

A

greatest potential energy, most likely to interact

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22
Q

stable atoms

A

outermost energy level full, unreactive, contains 8 electrons

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23
Q

if outermost energy level contains less than 8 electrons

A

tend to gain, share, or lose electrons to achieve stability

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24
Q

octet rule

A

atoms interact in a manner to have 8 electrons in their outer most energy level

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25
types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
26
ions
formed by transfer of valance shall electrons
27
anions
negative charge, gained electrons
28
cations
positive charge, lost electrons
29
ionic bond
chemical bond between atoms formed by transfer of electron
30
covalent
shared valance electrons
31
nonpolar
equally shared electrons, balanced
32
polar
unequal sharing of electrons,
33
electronegative
6 or 7 valance electrons, attract electrons
34
electropositive
atoms with few electrons, lose electrons
35
hydrogen bonds
very weak, but essential to allow for reactions at body temp
36
sysnthesis
A + B = AB Always involve bond formation Anabolic (vs. catabolic)
37
decomposition reaction
``` AB = A + B Hydrolysis is an example of this type. Reverse synthesis reactions Involve breaking of bonds Catabolic ```
38
exchange reactions
AB + C = AC + B Also called displacement reactions Bonds are both made and broken part of reactant molecules change partners to produce differnet products
39
oxidized
electron donor, loses electron
40
reduced
electron acceptor, gains electron
41
exergonic
release energy, products have less energy than reactants
42
endergonic reactions
gain energy, products have more energy than reactants
43
reversibility
All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible
44
chemical equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium occurs if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominant
45
why are Many biological reactions are essentially irreversible
due to Energy requirements Removal of products
46
how to increase rate of chemical reactionS
increase temp decrease size increase concentration of reactant add catalysts
47
inorganic compounds
do not contain carbon, water, salt, acid, base
48
organic compounds
Contain carbon (except CO2 and CO, which are inorganic) Unique to living systems Include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids many are polymers
49
dehydratin synthesis
Monomers are joined by removal of water
50
hydrolysis
monomers are broken by addition of water
51
water properties
``` high heat capacity high vaporization heat polar solvent properties reactivity cushioning ```
52
acids
proton donors, release h
53
bases
proton acceptors, oh,
54
ph
measures concentration of h ions
55
neutralization
when acids and bases mix to form water and salt
56
buffers
mixture of compounds that resist ph changes
57
strong acids
disociate completely and irreversibly in water
58
weak acids
do not disociate completely
59
carbohydrates
Sugars and starches Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n] Three classes
60
three carb classes
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
61
carbohydrate functions
``` Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose) Structural molecules (e.g., ribose sugar in RNA) ```
62
monosaccharides
Simple sugars (CH20)n fructose, ribose, gluctose
63
disaccharides
Double sugars Too large to pass through cell membranes sucrose, lactose, maltose
64
polysacchatides
Polymers of simple sugars, e.g., starch and glycogen Not very soluble large
65
lipids
Contain C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P Insoluble in water
66
main types of lipids
Neutral fats or triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Eicosanoids
67
Triglycerides
Neutral fats—solid fats and liquid oils | Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
68
triglycerides main functions
Main functions Energy storage Insulation Protection
69
Saturated fatty acids
Single bonds between C atoms; maximum number of H Solid animal fats, e.g., butter straight chain
70
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds between C atoms Reduced number of H atoms Plant oils, e.g., olive oil bent chains
71
Phospholipids
Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorus (P)-containing group hydrophillic polar head, hydrophobic nonpolar tails part of all cell membranes
72
steroids
lipids Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones like testosterone / estrogen
73
Eicosanoids
Many different ones Derived from omega fatty acids Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrines positive feedback loop
74
Lipoproteins
Transport fats in the blood
75
proteins
Polymers of amino acids (20 types) Joined by peptide bonds Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
76
r groups
makes amino acids differnet
77
protein primary structure
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain.
78
protein secundary structure
form helix spirals and zigzag sheets which are held together by hydrogen bonds
79
protein tertiary structure
secundary molecules are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.
80
quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein
81
fibrous proteins
Fibrous (structural) proteins Strandlike, water insoluble, and stable Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers
82
globular proteins
Globular (functional) proteins Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes Specific functional regions (active sites) Examples: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes
83
Molecular Chaperones (Chaperonins
Ensure quick and accurate folding and association of proteins Promote breakdown of damaged or denatured proteins Help trigger the immune response Produced in response to stressful stimuli, e.g., O2 deprivation
84
Enzymes
Biological catalysts | Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction
85
some enzymes consist of
Apoenzyme (protein) | Cofactor (metal ion) or coenzyme (a vitamin)
86
substrate
substance on which enzyme acts
87
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA Largest molecules in the body Contain C, O, H, N, and P Building block = nucleotide, composed of N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
88
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) Double-stranded helical molecule in the cell nucleus Provides instructions for protein synthesis Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity
89
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Four bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U) Single-stranded molecule mostly active outside the nucleus
90
Phosphorylation:
Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules Such “primed” molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy

Anatomy (29 decks)

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