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Anatomy > blood part 3 bleeding disorders, blood type > Flashcards

blood part 3 bleeding disorders, blood type Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Hemostasis

A

Fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

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2
Q

Hemostasis steps

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation (blood clotting)

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3
Q

Vascular Spasm

A

Vasoconstriction (blood vessel constriction) of damaged blood vessel

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4
Q

triggers for vascular spasm

A

Direct injury
Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
Pain reflexes

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5
Q

is Platelet Plug Formation positive or negatuve feedback loop

A

positive feedback cycle

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6
Q

Platelet Plug Formation: At site of blood vessel injury, platelets

A

Stick to exposed collagen fibers with the help of von Willebrand factor (plasma protein)
Swell, become spiked and sticky, and release chemical messengers

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7
Q

in platelet plug formation ADP

A

causes more platelets to stick and release their contents

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8
Q

in platelet plug formation Serotonin and thromboxane

A

enhance vascular spasm and more platelet aggregation

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9
Q

coagulation

A

A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
Reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads

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10
Q

Three phases of coagulation

A

Prothrombin activator is formed (intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen (soluble form) to form a fibrin mesh (insoluble form)

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11
Q

coagulation intrinsic pathway

A

Is triggered by negatively charged surfaces (activated platelets, collagen, glass)
Uses factors present within the blood (intrinsic)

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12
Q

coagulation extrinsic pathway

A

outside blood, Is triggered by exposure to tissue factor (TF)
Bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathways so Faster

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13
Q

how long does it take clot to form

A

3-5 minutes

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14
Q

Clot Retraction

A

Actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30–60minutes

Platelets pull on the fibrin strands, squeezing serum from the clot

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15
Q

Clot Repair PDGF

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates division of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel wall

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16
Q

clot repair VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates endothelial cells to multiply and restore the endothelial lining (inside wall)

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17
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

break down fibrin
Plasminogen in clot is converted to plasmin
Plasmin is a fibrin-digesting enzyme

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18
Q

hemostasis full steps

A

vascular spasm (close off side of vessel)
platelet plug (ADP, Thromboxan)
coagulation (extrinsic or intrinsic) forms prothrombin activator
prothrombin to thrombin
firbrogin to fibrin
‘forms cross linked fibrin mesh
clot retraction (squeeze out fluid)
clot repair (endotheial GF replaces inner wall, platelet GF replaces vessel wall)
fibrinolysis
plasminogen turns into plasmin
break down fibrin

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19
Q

Two homeostatic mechanisms prevent clots from becoming large

A

Swift removal and dilution of clotting factors

Inhibition of activated clotting factors

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20
Q

why can we run out of thrombin

A

Most thrombin is bound to fibrin threads, and prevented from acting elsewhere

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21
Q

inhibition of clotting factors

A

thrombin not being able to be reused

heparin (anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin)

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22
Q

Platelet adhesion (preventing undesirable clotting) is prevented by

A

Smooth endothelial lining of blood vessels

Antithrombic substances nitric oxide and prostacyclin secreted by endothelial cells

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23
Q

Thromboembolytic disorders

A

undesirable clot formation

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24
Q

Bleeding disorders

A

abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation

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25
Thrombus
clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel | May block circulation, leading to tissue death
26
Embolus
a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
27
Pulmonary emboli
impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
28
Cerebral emboli
can cause strokes
29
Thromboembolytic Conditions are prevented by
blood thinners | asprin, heparin, warfarin
30
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Widespread clotting blocks intact blood vessels Severe bleeding occurs because residual blood unable to clot 1,001 cuts and dies
31
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) most common in
pregnancy, septicemia, or incompatible blood transfusions
32
Thrombocytopenia
deficient number of circulating platelets
33
Thrombocytopenia due to and treated with
Due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation) Treated with transfusion of concentrated platelets
34
bleeding disorder Impaired liver function
Inability to synthesize procoagulants | Liver disease can also prevent the liver from producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K absorption
35
liver impair causes
Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
36
Hemophilias
include several similar hereditary bleeding disorders, caused by specific missing clotting factor
37
hemophilia most common
type A
38
hemophilia symptoms
prolonged bleeding, especially into joint cavities
39
hemophilia treatment
Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors
40
Whole-blood transfusions are used when
are used when blood loss is substantial | example shark attack, loss of limb
41
Packed red cells transfusion
(plasma removed) are used to restore oxygen-carrying capacity
42
what happens with Transfusion of incompatible blood
it can be fatal
43
spirocytosis use what transfusion
packed red blood cells
44
sickle cell anemia use what transfusion
packed red blood cells
45
lack of clotting factors use what transfusion
plasma transfusion
46
aplastic anemia use what transfusion
packed reed blood cells
47
what happens with hemorrage and use packed red blood cell transfusion
increase viscosity and can cause shock and stroke
48
how do you classify blood cells into different groups
Presence or absence of each antigen is used to classify blood cells into different groups
49
Agglutinogen
antigen
50
agglutinin
antibody
51
blood types
Types A, B, AB, and O | Based on the presence or absence of two agglutinogens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
52
blood testing in different antigens
if clump, the opposite of that anitigen is present | ex antigen A clumps, means type A
53
type A
antigen b, recieve only A,O
54
type B
antigen A, recieve only B,O
55
Type AB
no antigens, recieve all
56
Type O
all antigens, recieve only O
57
Rh Blood Groups
There are 45 different Rh agglutinogens (Rh factors) | C, D, and E are most common
58
rH D indicates
positive if clumps
59
How are anti-Rh bodies formed
When anRh- individual receives Rh+ blood, and a second exposure will cause problems
60
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh– mother becomes sensitized when exposure to Rh+ blood causes her body to synthesize anti-Rh antibodies Anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the RBCs of an Rh+ baby
61
`erythroblastosis fetalis treatment
The baby can be treated with prebirth transfusions and exchange transfusions after birth a serum containing anti-Rh can prevent the Rh– mother from becoming sensitized
62
what happens if mismatched blood is transfused
Donor’s cells Are attacked by the recipient’s plasma agglutinins Agglutinate and clog small vessels Rupture and release free hemoglobin into the bloodstream
63
what does a mismatch transfusion result in
Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity | Hemoglobin in kidney tubules and kidney failure
64
difference between wrong small transfusions and wrong large transfusino
small hurt you | large kill you
65
Death from shock may result from
low blood volume
66
low blood volume from shock must be replaced
Normal saline or multiple-electrolyte solution that mimics plasma electrolyte composition Plasma expanders
67
plasma expanders
Mimic osmotic properties of albumin | More expensive and may cause significant complications
68
why is adding more RBCs when you have a low blood volume counterproductive
increase blood viscosity
69
Diagnostic Blood Tests
``` Hematocrit Blood glucose tests Microscopic examination hemoglobin hbA1c test (blood gluose over past months) CMP, a blood chemistry profile ```
70
Complete blood count (CBC)
CBC = RBC + WBC
71
RBC average count
4.5 million
72
WBC average count
5-10 million
73
if bilirubin high means
liver or bile duct problem
74
high GGT and AP means
bile duct blockage
75
high BUN means
means something wrong with kidneys
76
high arcatinine means
something wrong with kidneys
77
protein in urine means
shot kidneys

Anatomy (29 decks)

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