blood supply and stroke: CSF

Question 1

cerebrovascular disease:

Answer 1

• affects 500,000 per year
• 3rd leading cause of death
• leading cause fo neurologic disability
• include strokes

Question 2

what are the 2 kinds of strokes?

Answer 2

• ischemic
• hemmorhagic

Question 3

ischemic strokes

Answer 3

• blood clot prevents blood flow to brain
• if it stay deprives for a few mins, the Na/K pump will not work
• damage to cell and cell death

Question 4

hemmorhagic stroke

Answer 4

• blood vessel in brain breaks open
• blood flow into skull
• cause edema
• often occurs due to aneurysms (weakened arterial walls)

Question 5

what is the occurance of ischemic vs hemorrhagic strokes?

Answer 5

ischemic = 80%
hemmorhagic = 20%

Question 6

what arteries supply the brain?

Answer 6

• internal carotids
• vertebral arteries

Question 7

the circle of willis

arteries included

BLOOD DOES NOT FLOW THROUGH THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS, IT IS SOMETHING FORMED BY THE CONNECTIONS

Answer 7

• vertebral arteries
• basilar artery
• posterior cerebral arteries
• superior cerebellar artery
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery
• internal carotids
• middle cerebral
• anteriror cerebral
• posterior communicating
• anterior communicating

Question 8

where deos the vertebral artery enter the skull and join to form the basilar artery?

Answer 8

basus pontus

Question 9

superior cerebellar artery supplies:

Answer 9

the superior surface of the cerebellum

Question 10

the anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries supply:

Answer 10

the brain stem

Question 11

which artery branches to for the middle and anterior cerebellar arteries?

Answer 11

internal carotid

Question 12

what is the path of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 12

• sylvian fissure between hemispheres
• supplies medial surface of the cortex

Question 13

the anterior cerebral artery pathway

Answer 13

• travels the longitudinal fissure between hemispheres
• curves over corpus callosum
• supplies medial surface of the cortex
• connected by anterior communicating artery

Question 14

what connects the posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries in the circle of willis?

Answer 14

posterior communicating artery

Question 15

what hooks behind the oculomotor nerve?

Answer 15

posterior cerebral artery

Question 16

where is the circle of willis located?

Answer 16

base of the brain

Question 17

vertebral arteries

Answer 17

• left and right
• form the basilar artery

Question 18

the internal carotid arteries

Answer 18

• paired
• branch into the middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, and posterior communicating arteries
• mainly flow into the middle cerebral

Question 19

the middle cerebral artery

descriptions

Answer 19

• largest branch of the internal carotid
• enters sylvian fissure
• supplies later surface of hemisphere (except occipital lobe)
• supplies basal ganglia and internal arteries

Question 20

striate arteries

Answer 20

• branches go to the internal capsule to the white matter and to the basal ganglia
• are branches of the middle cerebral artery

Question 21

arteries from lateral view of sagittal cut

Answer 21

Question 22

posterior cerebral artery

Answer 22

• comes from basilar artery
• supplies occipital lobe and inferior surface of temporal lobe
• curve around midbrain
• linked to internal carotid by posterior communicating artery
• behind occlulomotor nerve

Question 23

color coded labeling of arteries

Answer 23

Question 24

cortical territories suppied by the cerebral arteries

Answer 24

Question 25

in order to solve clinical problesm we have to know somatotopic organzaiton of the motor and somatosensory cortex!!

Answer 25

on exam?

Question 26

Question 1: what signs and symptoms are noted following the occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 26

- motor weakness of contralateral leg - somatosensory loss of contralateral leg - mental confusion

Question 27

question 2: what signs and symptoms are noted following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 27

- spastic paralysis contralateral - speech and comprehension deficits - weakness of mastication, swallowing, and speech (internal capsule)

Question 28

question 3: what signs and symptoms are noted following occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 28

contralateral vision blindness

Question 29

the meninges include:

Answer 29

- dura mater (hard shell covering, outermost) - arachnoid mater (thin) - pia mater (covers surface of brain and SC)

Question 30

the layers of the dura mater:

Answer 30

- endosteal: closer to skull - meningeal: covers the ondosteal layer

Question 31

the dural folds include:

Answer 31

- falx cerebri - separates hemispheres - tentorium cerebelli - divides cortex from occipital lobes - falx cerebelli - diaphragma sella

Question 32

dural sinuses

Answer 32

- the area where veins empty - spaces created by the dural folds

Question 33

what do veins ultimately drain into?

Answer 33

internal jugular vein

Question 34

arachnoid mater

Answer 34

- bridges over sulci - subarachnoid space contains CSF

Question 35

CSF is: | formed? provides?

Answer 35

- in ventricles of the brain then go to subarachnoid space via the foramen of luschka and magendie - mechanical hydraulic protection of the brain

Question 36

CSF pathway

Answer 36

- lateral ventricles - foramen of monro - 3rd ventricle - aqueduct of sylvius - 4th ventricle - foramen of luschka and magendie - subarachnoid space

Question 37

CSF

Answer 37

- synthesized by choroid plexus - ultrafiltrate of plasma - normally contains no RBC or leukocytes

Question 38

CSF synthesis

Answer 38

- at a rate of 500 mL/day - volume is 150mL of subarachnoid space - constant flow

Question 39

arachnoid granulation

Answer 39

- look like cauliflower protrusions in subarachnoid space - absorb CSF and open onto the venous system

Question 40

defintion of hydrocepahalus

Answer 40

- dilation of one or more of the cerebral ventricles with an incease in CSF volume

Question 41

types of hydrocephalus

Answer 41

- communicating - non-communicating

Question 42

what causes hydrocephalus?

Answer 42

- occurs if there is a blockage of the CSF flow - can be caused by tumor of choroid plexus - overproduction of CSF (papilloma) - defective absorption of CSF

Question 43

obstruction of CSF pathways can be caused by:

Answer 43

- inflammation or hemmorhage - congenital - neoplasm (new abnormal growth)

Question 44

overproduction of CSF due to:

Answer 44

- papilloma

Question 45

defective absorption of CSF due to:

Answer 45

- defective arachnoid villi (cannot reabsorb) - impaired venous drainage