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Dental Neuroscience > intro to auditory neuroscience > Flashcards

intro to auditory neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound?

A
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2
Q

speed of sound in air

A

340 m/s

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3
Q

amplitude of sound

A

“sound level” or “sound intensity”
- expressed in log scale in dB sound pressure level (SPL)

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4
Q

frequency

A
  • related to pitch
  • expressed in hertz
  • cycles per second
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5
Q

sound properties

A
  • amplitude
  • frequency
  • phase
  • timbre
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6
Q

phase

A

mostly ignored by human hearing

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7
Q

timbre

A

harmonic content

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8
Q

how can we change amplitude or frequency of sound?

A
  • tuning forks (induce vibration)
  • greater amplitude =
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9
Q

anatomy of the ear

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal (skin and air)
  • tympanic membrane (ear drum)
  • auditory ossicles
  • vestibular system
  • auditory nerve
  • cochlea
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10
Q

3 parts of the ear

A
  • outer
  • middle
  • inner
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11
Q

ossicular chain

A
  • malleus - rests on tympanic membrane (moves with vibration)
  • incus
  • stapes
    (in middle ear, chain reaction of vibrations to move each other)
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12
Q

the ______ induces movement of the ______ _________ which is the communication from middle to inner ear.

A

stapes, oval window

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13
Q

the inner ear is filled with

A

fluid

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14
Q

why is fluid complicated for sound movement?

A

the amplitude decreases in fluid instead of air

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15
Q

how does the ossicular chain maintain amplitude when moving sound into fluid?

A

1:1.3 movement ration of amplification of the vibrations
- the stapes moves more than the malleus

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16
Q

tympanic membrane is larger than the oval window by a factor of ________ which increases sound wave pressure by ______

A

18.6x , 15x

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17
Q

the inner ear communicates with the

A

oral cavity

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18
Q

eustachian tube

A
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19
Q

the cochlea

A
  • spiral structure
  • made of bone
  • membranes and fluids
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20
Q

parts of the cochlea

A
  • base
  • apex
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
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21
Q

how can the change of sound be produced in the cochlea?

A
  • tympanic membrane vibrates
  • vibrates malleus, incus, stapes,
  • stapes vibrates the cochlear fluid and basilar membrane
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22
Q

place theory for frequency encoding in cochlea

A

different vibrations will cause vibrations in different locations of the basilar membrane
- high frequency is closer to base
- lower frequency is closer to apex

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23
Q

organ of corti

A
  • innervated by auditory nerve fibers of CN VIII
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24
Q

mechanotransduction of the organ of corti

A
  • relating of mechanical stimulus into action potentials
  • have cilia (“hair cells”)
  • support cells
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25
Q

what cranial nerve innervates the hair cells

A

VIII

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26
Q

stereocilia

A
  • filled with actin filaments
  • held together by tip links and ankle links
27
Q

the links are primarily made of

A

proteins! which help open and close the channel that allows ion movement (K) entering the cilia
- initial part of mechanotransduction

28
Q

mechanotransduction

A

theres a slide somewhere with a picture

29
Q

endolymph vs perilymph

A
  • endolymph = high in K channels low in Na channels
  • perilymph = high in Na channels and low in K channels
30
Q

each auditory nerve fiber responds to a

A

narrow range of frequencies
- this is because they innervate a specific region of the cochlea

31
Q

how does the cochlea amplify incoming vibrations

A
  • use of the hair cells
  • stretch receptors (in cilia)
  • bc sound amplitudes are tiny
32
Q

function of outer hair cells

A
  • they are the motors
  • supply mechanical amplification
33
Q

why is otoacoustic emissions (OAE) important?

A
  • testing for hearing in babies
  • test the movement of outer hair cells in response to sounds
34
Q

auditory pathway

A
35
Q

ascending auditory pathways in brain

A
  • cochlea
  • cochlear nucleus
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • inferior colliculus
  • MGN
  • auditory cortex
36
Q

cortical tonotopy

A
37
Q

cortical representation of sound intensities

A

don’t exactly know how sound is encoded????

38
Q

experience dependent development of tonotopic maps

A

if you hear a sound frequency more often, you will develop a larger area of reception for the specific frequency of sound

39
Q

what is the lowest sound detectable by the human ear?

A

0 dB

40
Q

normal speech sound levels

A

60 dB SPL

41
Q

damage to ear occurs at

A

140 dB SPL

42
Q

the difference between the faintest (quietest) and loudest sound is

A

120dB SPL

43
Q

what is the sensitivity of the human ear

A

differentiate 1dB

44
Q

hearing loss and sounds in humans

A
45
Q

human hearing frequency

A

range: 20 Hz to 20kHz
upper limit decreases with age
more sensitive to sounds between 1-4kHz

46
Q

sound discrimination

A
  • humans can discriminate 2 sounds that differ by 0.3% at 3kHz
  • but require at least 3% difference at 100Hz
47
Q

auditory brainstem response

A
  • measuring responses right above the brainstem
  • ## spinal ganglion
48
Q

humans can discriminate 2 sounds that are located

A

as little as 3 degrees apart
- bc of 2 ears

49
Q

go back to slide 700

A
50
Q

head shadow

A
  • the sound reaches the closest ear
  • then the head gets in the way
  • so sounds will not get to the ear further away which alters the way we hear the sound
  • allows us to identify where the hearing is coming from
51
Q

time difference

A
  • the body can detect sounds in both ears
  • but relies on the time difference between when the sounds are received
  • allows us to recognize where the sound is coming from
52
Q

duplex theory of sound localization

A

slide 702

53
Q

when there is no difference detected between the two ears, the sound is

A

likely directly in front of us

54
Q

sound localization in rooms

A
  • usually sound goes on direct path from source
  • reverberant energy
  • we are not normally aware of reverberation but it influences subjective sound quality
  • rooms = echo and reflect sound
55
Q

3 time regions identified

A
  • summing localization
  • precedence effect
  • echo threshold
56
Q

summing localization

A

2 events fused, perceived location is a weighted sum of the 2
- less than 1 ms delay

57
Q

precedence effect

A

only 1 sound perceived, direction of first sound dominant
- 1-5ms delay

58
Q

echo threshold

A

2 sounds heard
- more the 5 ms delay

59
Q

types of deafness

A
  • conduction
  • sensorineural
60
Q

conduction deafness caused by

A
  • punctured ear drum
  • otisis media
  • otosclerosis
61
Q

sensorineural deafness caused by

A
  • rubella
  • professional deafness
  • presbycusis
  • destruction to inner hair cells
62
Q

Rinne’s test

A
  • bone conduction: put tuning fork on skull (don’t hear is conduction deafness)
    vs
  • air conduction: vibration of tuning fork in air (don’t hear is sensorineural deafness)
63
Q
A

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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