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intro to auditory neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound?

A
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2
Q

speed of sound in air

A

340 m/s

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3
Q

amplitude of sound

A

“sound level” or “sound intensity”
- expressed in log scale in dB sound pressure level (SPL)

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4
Q

frequency

A
  • related to pitch
  • expressed in hertz
  • cycles per second
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5
Q

sound properties

A
  • amplitude
  • frequency
  • phase
  • timbre
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6
Q

phase

A

mostly ignored by human hearing

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7
Q

timbre

A

harmonic content

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8
Q

how can we change amplitude or frequency of sound?

A
  • tuning forks (induce vibration)
  • greater amplitude =
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9
Q

anatomy of the ear

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal (skin and air)
  • tympanic membrane (ear drum)
  • auditory ossicles
  • vestibular system
  • auditory nerve
  • cochlea
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10
Q

3 parts of the ear

A
  • outer
  • middle
  • inner
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11
Q

ossicular chain

A
  • malleus - rests on tympanic membrane (moves with vibration)
  • incus
  • stapes
    (in middle ear, chain reaction of vibrations to move each other)
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12
Q

the ______ induces movement of the ______ _________ which is the communication from middle to inner ear.

A

stapes, oval window

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13
Q

the inner ear is filled with

A

fluid

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14
Q

why is fluid complicated for sound movement?

A

the amplitude decreases in fluid instead of air

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15
Q

how does the ossicular chain maintain amplitude when moving sound into fluid?

A

1:1.3 movement ration of amplification of the vibrations
- the stapes moves more than the malleus

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16
Q

tympanic membrane is larger than the oval window by a factor of ________ which increases sound wave pressure by ______

A

18.6x , 15x

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17
Q

the inner ear communicates with the

A

oral cavity

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18
Q

eustachian tube

A
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19
Q

the cochlea

A
  • spiral structure
  • made of bone
  • membranes and fluids
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20
Q

parts of the cochlea

A
  • base
  • apex
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
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21
Q

how can the change of sound be produced in the cochlea?

A
  • tympanic membrane vibrates
  • vibrates malleus, incus, stapes,
  • stapes vibrates the cochlear fluid and basilar membrane
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22
Q

place theory for frequency encoding in cochlea

A

different vibrations will cause vibrations in different locations of the basilar membrane
- high frequency is closer to base
- lower frequency is closer to apex

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23
Q

organ of corti

A
  • innervated by auditory nerve fibers of CN VIII
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24
Q

mechanotransduction of the organ of corti

A
  • relating of mechanical stimulus into action potentials
  • have cilia (“hair cells”)
  • support cells
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25
what cranial nerve innervates the hair cells
VIII
26
stereocilia
- filled with actin filaments - held together by tip links and ankle links
27
the links are primarily made of
proteins! which help open and close the channel that allows ion movement (K) entering the cilia - initial part of mechanotransduction
28
mechanotransduction
theres a slide somewhere with a picture
29
endolymph vs perilymph
- endolymph = high in K channels low in Na channels - perilymph = high in Na channels and low in K channels
30
each auditory nerve fiber responds to a
narrow range of frequencies - this is because they innervate a specific region of the cochlea
31
how does the cochlea amplify incoming vibrations
- use of the hair cells - stretch receptors (in cilia) - bc sound amplitudes are tiny
32
function of outer hair cells
- they are the motors - supply mechanical amplification
33
why is otoacoustic emissions (OAE) important?
- testing for hearing in babies - test the movement of outer hair cells in response to sounds
34
auditory pathway
35
ascending auditory pathways in brain
- cochlea - cochlear nucleus - superior olivary nucleus - inferior colliculus - MGN - auditory cortex
36
cortical tonotopy
37
cortical representation of sound intensities
don't exactly know how sound is encoded????
38
experience dependent development of tonotopic maps
if you hear a sound frequency more often, you will develop a larger area of reception for the specific frequency of sound
39
what is the lowest sound detectable by the human ear?
0 dB
40
normal speech sound levels
60 dB SPL
41
damage to ear occurs at
140 dB SPL
42
the difference between the faintest (quietest) and loudest sound is
120dB SPL
43
what is the sensitivity of the human ear
differentiate 1dB
44
hearing loss and sounds in humans
45
human hearing frequency
range: 20 Hz to 20kHz upper limit decreases with age more sensitive to sounds between 1-4kHz
46
sound discrimination
- humans can discriminate 2 sounds that differ by 0.3% at 3kHz - but require at least 3% difference at 100Hz
47
auditory brainstem response
- measuring responses right above the brainstem - spinal ganglion -
48
humans can discriminate 2 sounds that are located
as little as 3 degrees apart - bc of 2 ears
49
go back to slide 700
50
head shadow
- the sound reaches the closest ear - then the head gets in the way - so sounds will not get to the ear further away which alters the way we hear the sound - allows us to identify where the hearing is coming from
51
time difference
- the body can detect sounds in both ears - but relies on the time difference between when the sounds are received - allows us to recognize where the sound is coming from
52
duplex theory of sound localization
slide 702
53
when there is no difference detected between the two ears, the sound is
likely directly in front of us
54
sound localization in rooms
- usually sound goes on direct path from source - reverberant energy - we are not normally aware of reverberation but it influences subjective sound quality - rooms = echo and reflect sound
55
3 time regions identified
- summing localization - precedence effect - echo threshold
56
summing localization
2 events fused, perceived location is a weighted sum of the 2 - less than 1 ms delay
57
precedence effect
only 1 sound perceived, direction of first sound dominant - 1-5ms delay
58
echo threshold
2 sounds heard - more the 5 ms delay
59
types of deafness
- conduction - sensorineural
60
conduction deafness caused by
- punctured ear drum - otisis media - otosclerosis
61
sensorineural deafness caused by
- rubella - professional deafness - presbycusis - destruction to inner hair cells
62
Rinne's test
- bone conduction: put tuning fork on skull (don't hear is conduction deafness) vs - air conduction: vibration of tuning fork in air (don't hear is sensorineural deafness)
63

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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