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Dental Neuroscience > reticular formation > Flashcards

reticular formation Flashcards

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1
Q

function of the reticular formation

A
  • tasks involve nervous system as a whole
  • functions are integrative
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2
Q

integrative functions of reticular formation include:

A
  • sleep
  • wakefulness
  • alertness
  • consciousness
  • coordination of visceral functions (homeostasis)
  • responses to pain/pain modulation
  • body posture
  • mental state
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3
Q

reticular formation defined as

A

gray matter that composes the core of the brain stem
- excluding cranial nerve nuclei and ascending and descending tracts)

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4
Q

reticular formation consists of

A

networks and branched neurons

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5
Q

reticular formation is

A
  • related to many other parts of the nervous system
  • the nuclei are not as clearly defined histologically
  • phylogenetically old system
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6
Q

connections of the reticular formation

A
  • afferent connections
  • efferent connections
  • reticular formation has integrative function
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7
Q

afferent connections to reticular formation

A
  • all sensory systems (not specific)
  • many other areas
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8
Q

efferent connections of reticular formation

A

very widespread

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9
Q

location of reticular formation

A
  • near the center
  • anterior to the ventricular system
  • in the core of the brain stem
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10
Q

neuronal organization of the reticular formation

A
  • large and small cells
  • dendritic web of large cells = perpendicular to axis of brain stem
  • projection neurons have long axons
  • pathways are diffuse
  • the cell bodies and axons are below the brainstem
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11
Q

axons of the neuronal projections of reticular formation

A
  • ascend and descend
  • have numerous collaterals
  • make very large number of synaptic connections
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12
Q

general function of the reticular formation

A
  • axons and dendrites pick up information
  • ascending, descending tracts
  • take general information from all kinds of places to the brain stem
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13
Q

the ascending axons has branches that go to

A
  • PAG
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
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14
Q

the descending axons has branches that go to

A
  • nucleus gracilis
  • medulla
  • etc.
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15
Q

configurations of the neurons of reticular formation

A

left: 2 neurons, opposite direction of movement, collateral extensions to communicate with each other
right: 1 neuron, with 2 branches that go up and down with collateral extension

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16
Q

serotonergic nuclei

A

raphe nucleus
- serotonin neurotransmitter
- project to thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cortex, spinal cord, cerebellum

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17
Q

raphe nuclei

A
  • in midline of medulla, pons, midbrain
  • serotonergic
  • efferent branches reach many parts of NS including spinal cord
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18
Q

locus ceruleus nuclei

A
  • nucleus of noradrenergic pathways
  • send to hippocampus, basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum
  • near mesencephalic V under superior cerebellar peduncle
  • efferent branches reach many parts of the NS
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19
Q

dopaminergic pathways

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A
  • produce dopamine
  • include substantia nigra and tegmental area
  • project to insula, caudate and putamen, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, cortex
20
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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A
  • sleep and consciousness
  • record electrical acvitivy of the brain by picking up cortical activity
  • filters out spikes
  • left with synaptic activity of the brain
21
Q

EEG waves

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A

beta - wake brain (High freq. low volt)
alpha - close eyes and sit back (slow freq, higher volt)
theta - falling asleep (slow freq, high volt)
delta - deep sleep (slow waves, high amplitude)

22
Q

EEG waves classified by

Study These Flashcards
A
  • frequency
  • amplitude
  • synchronized vs desynchronized
23
Q

synchronized vs desynchronized

Study These Flashcards
A
  • waves start working together to increase synchronizaition for rhythm and higher frequency but low voltage
24
Q

EEG waves during sleep

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A

low frequency
high amplitude
synchronized

25
EEG waves during wakefulness
high frequency low amplitude
26
REM sleep
- cycles of sleep - episodes of desynchronization (4-5 times/night) - rapid eye movements
27
sleep stages
REM = when you dream
28
how does reticular formation affect sleep and consciousness
- reticular activating system: projections to the thalamus which has many nuclei and activates the cortex - thalamus > cortex
29
arousal
- reticular network receives collateral inputs form all ascending sensory pathways (typically sound)
30
coma
- lesions of reticular formation (upper brain stem) result in coma - coma can also be the result of cortical damage
31
arousal nuclei include
- locus ceruleus - raphe nuclei
32
sleep inducing system
- ascending arousal system originates in the pons - sleep promoting neurons in hypothalamus inhibit arousal areas - mutual inhibition produces a flip-flop switch
33
REM sleep system | wheredoes it stem from?
pontine reticular formation contains neurons that generate REM sleep
34
other uses of EEG
- detecting and localizing seizures - identifying brain death
35
reticulospinal tracts have 2 types:
- medullary reticulospinal tract - pontine reticulospinal tract both located in anterior foniculus
36
reticulospinal tracts act:
- mainly on extensors - mainly on gamma motor neurons - controls sensitivity of spindles
37
gamma motor system
- gamma motor neuron goes to polar ends of spindles - increase spindle stretch - makes whole reflex more sensitive
38
intermediolateral cell column
- control of the autonomic nervous system and vital centers - sympathetic part comes from this - in lateral horn of grey matter
39
reticular formation sends signals down intermediolateral cell column and
influence sympathetic activity or autonomic activity in general
40
vital function
- respiration - heart beat
41
cardiac and vascular centers
- cardiovascular: - vasomotor center: vasoconstriction - loacted in medulla
42
respiratory centers
- in pons and medulla - lesions here can cause death
43
other autonomic centers of the medullary and pontine reticular formation
- swallowing - vomiting - gagging - coughing - sneezing - shivering - micturition - crying
44
spinoreticular tract
- tract can project to reticular formation instead of VPL and go to large areas of cortex instead - non-specific
45
pain modulation
- periacqueduct of grey is a source of descending pathway to RF in medulla (medial and lateral part) - raphe nuclei send serotonin - noradrenergic input to substantia gelatinosa - (inhibit?) pain and temp signaling
46
reactions to noxious stimulus
- reflexes - vocalization - sweating - pupillary dilation - heart rate increase - BP changes - behavioral changes
47
mood disorders
monoamine hypothesis of depression - noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dapaminergic send transmitters to nuclei that can indicate mood

Dental Neuroscience (24 decks)

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