cerebral cortex

Question 1

areas of cortex

Answer 1

Question 2

cerebral cortex has:

Answer 2

• primary areas
• unimodal association areas
• heteromodal association areas (modalities combine: involve attention, memory, planning)

Question 3

primary areas include

Answer 3

• primary motor cortex
• primary sensory cortices (somatosensory, visual, auditory)

Question 4

unimodal association areas include

Answer 4

• premotor cortex
• secondary sensory areas

Question 5

heteromodal association areas include

Answer 5

• parietal-occipital-temporal areas
• prefrontal areas
• inferior temporal areas

Question 6

apraxia

Answer 6

loss of the ability to carry out a certain motor action despite the absence of paralysis or weakness
- basically do opposite of what you want to do
- can’t plan out the motion

Question 7

agnosia

Answer 7

the loss of the ability to recognize things despite normal sensation

Question 8

lesion of motor cortex causes

Answer 8

contralateral spastic paralysis

Question 9

location of premotor and supplementary motor areas

Answer 9

Question 10

lesion of supplementary motor area causes

Answer 10

apraxia

Question 11

how to test for a lesion of the supplementary motor area

Answer 11

• use a key
• wave goodbye
• salute the flag
• blow a kiss
• hammer a nail
• brushing teeth
• opening a bottle of soda
• pouring water into a glass and drinking it

Question 12

location of somatosensory cortex

Answer 12

in parietal lobe

Question 13

lesion of somatosensory cortex causes

Answer 13

trouble recognizing touch, sound, taste, etc.

Question 14

lesion of parietal lobe causes

Answer 14

• tactile agnosia
• finger agnosia
• tactile apraxia

Question 15

tactile agnosia

Answer 15

• close eyes, object in hand
• cannot tell you what it is
• no recognition of 3D object

Question 16

finger agnosia

Answer 16

• closed eyes, move fingers
• can’t tell you which finger is moving
• can’t move a finger specifically on command

Question 17

tactile apraxia

Answer 17

• blindfolded , something in hand
• cannot tactilely explore an object

Question 18

lesion of primary visual cortex causes

Answer 18

field blindness

Question 19

if one lateral geniculate or one occipital cortex is affected you get:

Answer 19

field blindness

Question 20

lesions of visual association area causes

Answer 20

• dorsal: loss of seeing movement (ex: can pour water but cannot see water moving into cup)
• ventral: loss of color perception (only blakc and white)
• cannot recognize faces

Question 21

lesion of area 19 on cortex causes

Answer 21

achromatopsia (lack of color vision)

Question 22

lesion of inferior temporal association cortex causes

Answer 22

prosopagnosia (cannot recognize faces)

Question 23

lesion of broca’s area causes

Answer 23

• expressive aphasia (deficit of language and not understanding words - not speech)
• cannot express words
• even people using sign language cannot communicate effectively

Question 24

lesion of wernicke’s area cause

Answer 24

• receptive aphasia
• speak all the time but speak nonsense and gibberish (trouble with speech not understanding)

Question 25

speech circuit

Answer 25

sees word > primary visual cortex > angular gyrus > Wernicke's area > white matter > Broca's area > motor cortex> articulation of the word that was read

Question 26

receptive aphasia

Answer 26

- speech is fluent but nonsensical - use of wrong words and jargon - failure of comprehension - defective repetition - logorrhea

Question 27

lesion of angular gyrus causes

Answer 27

unable to read

Question 28

dominant hemisphere

Answer 28

- right hand = left hemisphere dominant - left hand = right hemisphere dominant - 50% of left handed people are also left hemisphere dominant

Question 29

left hemisphere contains

Answer 29

language

Question 30

whichever hemisphere contains speech is considered

Answer 30

dominant

Question 31

function of non-dominant hemisphere

Answer 31

- gesture, emphasis and emotional aspects of speech - spatial relationships - musical ability - lesion: contralateral neglect`

Question 32

neglect syndrome

Answer 32

- show patient image and ask to reproduce - neglect left side of image and only draws right - thus lesion of non-dominant hemisphere

Question 33

lesion of prefrontal cortex impairs

Answer 33

- planning - decision making - cognitive control

Question 34

Phineas Gage

Answer 34

prefrontal cortex lesion

Question 35

prefrontal cortex lesions cause:

Answer 35

impaired: - planning - decision making - cognitive control

Question 36

Case 1:

Answer 36

- before: salesman sn sold stuff in stores - after: personality change

Question 37

Case 2:

Answer 37

- before: military man - after:

Question 38

impairments associated with prefrontal cortex:

Answer 38

- impaired attention - poor working memory - executive functions (planning) poor - poor fine movement - self control impaired - abstract thinking impaired - blunted or inappropriate affect - little concern about sphincter control

Question 39

how can you stop the spread of epileptic seizures to the other hemisphere?

Answer 39

cut the corpus callosum

Question 40

what does it mean to have split brain?

Answer 40

- separation of hemispheres by split of corpus callosum

Question 41

what happens with people who have a split brain?

Answer 41

- typically: image shown on left goes to right side cortex and passes to the left hemisphere through corpus callosum - split brain: image shown on left then goes to right side cortex but does not go to left side because of the loss of connection - they cannot vocalize what it is, but can ID the object

Question 42

With a split brain,

Answer 42