forebrain

Question 1

recall embryology
prosencephalon makes:

Answer 1

1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon

Question 2

recall embryology
telencephalon and diencephalon makes:

Answer 2

telencephalon:
- cerebral hemispheres
- basal ganglia
diencephalon:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

Question 3

what is the thalamus and what does it do?

Answer 3

• egg-shaped structure
• relay center for motor and sensory information from body to brain

Question 4

internal medullary lamina includes:

Answer 4

2 nuclei
- anterior nuclei
- medial dorsal nuclei

Question 5

the anterior nuclei connect with:

Answer 5

the cingulate gyrus (above corpus callosum)

Question 6

the medial dorsal nuclei connect with:

Answer 6

prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe)
- general patters of behavior

Question 7

from the lateral view of the thalamus, what is now seen?

Answer 7

• the dorsal tier
• the ventral tier

*these divisions aren’t clear cut and need histological imaging

Question 8

the ventral tier is made up of?

Answer 8

• ventral anterior nuclei
• ventral lateral nuclei
• ventral posterior lateral nuclei

Question 9

the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei:

Answer 9

• go to motor cortex
• involve the motor system

Question 10

the ventral posterior lateral nuclei:

Answer 10

• receive info from medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tract
  (somatosensory info)
• sends information to post central gyrus cortex

Question 11

the dorsal tier includes:

Answer 11

• lateral dorsal nuclei
• lateral posterior nuclei
• pulvinar nuclei
• medial geniculate
• lateral geniculate

Question 12

the lateral dorsal nuclei and the lateral posterior nuclei:

Answer 12

• interconnect with the parietal lobe of the cortex
• deal with high functioning things

Question 13

the pulvinar nuclei:

Answer 13

have indirect connectivity with the visual system and visual circuit

Question 14

the medial geniculate:

Answer 14

is involved with auditory pathways
- go to the gyri of Heschl

Question 15

the lateral geniculate:

Answer 15

is involved with the optic tract
- visual (occipital cortex)

Question 16

the ventral posterior medial (VPM)

Answer 16

• deep inside the thalamus
• analogous to the VPL
• receives trigeminal pathways from the face

Question 17

classifications of thalamic nuclei

Answer 17

1. specific (relay) nuclei
2. association nuclei
3. non-specific nuclei

Question 18

specific relay nuclei include:

Answer 18

• lateral geniculate
• medial geniculate
• ventral posterior lateral
• ventral posterior medial
• ventral anterior
• ventral lateral
• anterior

Question 19

association nuclei include:

Answer 19

• medial dorsal
• lateral posterior
• lateral dorsal
• pulvinar

Question 20

non-specific nuclei include:

Answer 20

• intralaminar nuclei
• reticular nucleus

Question 21

lateral geniculate receives info from and sends info to:

Answer 21

from: the optic tract
to: the visual cortex (occipital)

Question 22

the medial geniculate receives info from and sends info to:

Answer 22

from: auditory pathways
to: Heschl’s gyrus

Question 23

the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) receives info from and sends info to:

Answer 23

from: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic
to: postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

Question 24

the ventral posterior medial (VPM) receives info from and sends info to:

Answer 24

from: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic and face
to: postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe

Question 25

the ventral anterior and ventral lateral receive info from and send info to:

Answer 25

from: cerebellum and basal ganglia to: motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

Question 26

anterior nucleus receives info from and sends info to:

Answer 26

from: hippocampus to: cingulate gyrus

Question 27

what do specific (relay) nuclei do?

Answer 27

they receive info and relay the information to a specific area

Question 28

what do association nuclei do?

Answer 28

they receive, process, and send information back to the same place in the cortex

Question 29

the medial dorsal nuclei receives and sends info to:

Answer 29

the frontal and prefrontal cortex

Question 30

the lateral dorsal and lateral posterior receives and sends info to:

Answer 30

the parietal lobe

Question 31

the pulvinar nuclei receives and sends info to:

Answer 31

the occipital lobe

Question 32

what do non-specific nuclei do?

Answer 32

they are involved in general behavior

Question 33

the hypothalamus: - is what? - does what? - composed of?

Answer 33

the part of the brain that produces hormones that control body temp, hunger, heart rate, mood - is more reticular with a loose network

Question 34

what is corpus striatum?

Answer 34

basal ganglia

Question 35

major nuclei of basal ganglia?

Answer 35

- caudate - putamen - globus pallidus

Question 36

where do the hippocampus and fornix form?

Answer 36

in telencephalon

Question 37

where is the hippocampus located?

Answer 37

in the temporal lobe

Question 38

what is the fornix?

Answer 38

the long c-shaped pathway of the hippocampus - comes out of hippocampus and ends in mammillary bodies

Question 39

what is the hippocampus?

Answer 39

- part of lymbic system - structure that plays a role in memory and learning

Question 40

what are the c-shaped structures?

Answer 40

- cortex - lateral ventricle - choroid plexus - caudate nucleus - fornix

Question 41

what are the lateral ventricles?

Answer 41

structures that project into frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes and communicate with 3rd ventricle via the foramen of monroe

Question 42

what is the choroid plexus?

Answer 42

a network of capillaries that produce CSF

Question 43

what is the caudate nucleus?

Answer 43

a structure near the thalamus that travels inside the C-shaped ventricle - movement, learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion, and romantic interaction

Question 44

what is the neocortex?

Answer 44

"the new cortex" that is part of the cerebral cortex where higher cognitive functioning is thought to originate from

Question 45

what are the main cells of the neocortex?

Answer 45

the pyramidal cell

Question 46

what are Brodmann's areas?

Answer 46

- Brodmann = scientist who histological identified different areas of the brain - the areas refer to the microscopic differences he notices - up to 53 areas!!

Question 47

areas we need to know: (numbers)

Answer 47

1 2 3 4 17

Question 48

area 1, 2, and 3 refer to:

Answer 48

postcentral gyrus

Question 49

area 4 refers to:

Answer 49

precentral gyrus

Question 50

area 17 refers to:

Answer 50

visual cortex

Question 51

what is a commissure?

Answer 51

something that connects one side of the brain to another

Question 52

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 52

- a large commissure that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Question 53

what are corticofugal fibers?

Answer 53

axons that come out of gyrus

Question 54

classification of corticofugal fibers

Answer 54

1. long projections fibers 2. commissural fibers 3. short association fibers

Question 55

what are long projection fibers?

Answer 55

fibers (axons) that leave the cortex and brain

Question 56

what are commissural fibers?

Answer 56

fibers (axons) that do not leave the brain instead they got from one hemisphere to another (lots of them)

Question 57

what are short association fibers?

Answer 57

fibers (axons) that travel from one gyrus to another