Blood Vessels Flashcards by Jhamillex Carmen

name the 3 layers of blood vessels

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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the tunica _____ is the inner most layer

tunica intima

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the endothelium of the tunica intima is made up of what kind of cells?

simple squamous epithelium

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the tunica ___ is the middle layer

tunica media

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the tunica media is surrounded by..

circularly arranged smooth muscle

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T/F: the sympathetic NS can control the chemical and nervous control of degree of contraction for the tunica media

true

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T/F the tunica media cannot constrict or dilate

false; it can

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the tunica ____ is made of collagen fibers

tunica externa

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name the 3 functions of the tunica externa

protection
reinforcement
anchor to surrounding tissue

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name the accessory tissues related with the tunica externa

nerve fibers
lymphatic vessels
elastic network
tiny blood vessels within layer-vasa vasorum

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define vasoconstriction

a decrease in blood vessel diameter caused by smooth muscle contraction

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define vasodilation

increase in blood vessel diameter resulting from smooth muscle relaxation

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name the main classifications of blood vessels (arteries)

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
capillaries

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artery = ____

away…

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T/F: blood pressure is relatively high in elastic arteries

true

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name the main characteristics of elastic arteries

thick walled
neart heart
largest diameter
more elastic
large lumen

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elastic arteries ___ BP changes associated with heart contraction

dampen

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muscular arteries have ___ walls

muscular

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muscular arteries are ______ to elastic arteries

distal

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muscular arteries deliver blood to…

specific organs

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T/F muscular arteries has a thin media layer

false; its thick cause it has more smooth muscle

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arterioles determine…

flow into capillary beds

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arterioles are mainly ___ muscle

smooth

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________ are the smallest blood vessels

capillaries

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capillaries only contain the tunica _______

interna

what happens in the capillaries?

exchange of materials between contents of blood and interstitial fluids

name the 3 types of capillary

continuous fenestrated sinusoidal

continuous capillary are ___ permeable

least

fenestrated capillary are ____ permeable

most

continuous capillary is made up of

uninterrupted endothelial cells and incomplete tight junctions

in fenestrated capillaries, the endothelial cells have...

oval pores

what do the pores of fenestrated capillaries allow?

permit greater permeability

which kind of capillary is the most common?

Sinusoidal capillary

describe the sinusoidal capillary

modified, leaky capillaries

T/F large molecules cannot pass through sinusoidal capillaries

False, they can

the microcirculation of capillary beds involve

arterioles to venule

name the 2 parts of capillary bed

vascular shunt | true capillaries

define vascular shunt

connects arteriole with venule

name the sequences of blood movement through capillary bed

1. terminal arteriole 2. metarteriole (true capillaries branch off) 3. thoroughfare channel (capillaries rejoin) 4. post-capillary venule

what controls the blood flow into capillary

precapillary sphincter

name the 2 types of veins

venules | veins

____ are tubes composed of endothelium resting on a delicate basement membrane with little muscles and a thinn externa

venule

____ are formed from venules

veins

veins have ___ walls and ___ muscle than arteries

thinner | less

veins have mostily

elastin

what is the thickest wall layer for a vein

tunica externa

veins act as _______-

reservoirs

veins have ______ lumen

large

______ prevent backflow in veins

venous valves

define blood flow

volume flowing through a given structure per unit time

define blood pressure

blood force per unit area

define resistance

opposition to flow; generally encountered in the systemic circuit peripheral resistance

name the 2 sources of resistance

blood viscosity | blood vessel diameter

define blood viscosity

thickness related to formed elements

the larger the diameter, the ____ the resistance

less

blood flow can be calculated by

difference in blood pressure between the 2 points but opposed by resistance

the less resistance, the ___flow

heart pumping generates...

blood flow

pressure results when...

flow is opposed by resistance

blood flow has the _____ pressure in aorta

highest

blood flow has the _______ pressure in right atrium

lowest

name the 2 factors affecting arterial pressure

stretching of arteries near heart | volume of blood forced into the arteries near heart

define compliance

tendency for blood vessels volume to increase as blood pressure increases

name the 2 changes associated with systole

aorta is stretched by blood leaving left ventricle | blood moves toward periphery because peripheral pressure is lower than aortic pressure

name the 3 changes associated with diastole

semilunar valve closes aorta recoils pressure is maintained by reducing volume

define pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

how to calculate mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

capillary blood pressure is usually greater when...

entering rather than leaving

____________ is relatively steady throughout cardiac cycle

venous blood pressure

venous blood pressure gradient from

venules to vena cava

venous pressure is too ____ to promote adequate return

low

describe the respiratory pump

1. abdominal pressure increases squeeze local veins 2. backflow is prevented by valves 3. blood is forced toward the heart 4. chest cavity pressure decreases 5. thoracic veins expand 6. blood enters right atrium

define muscular pump

contraction of skeletal muscle surrounding veins compress vein

name the 3 factors that influence blood pressure

cardiac output peripheral resistance blood volume

blood pressure can be calculated by:

cardiac output X peripheral resistance

cardiac output is directly related to __________

blood volume

blood pressure is directly related to________________

cardiac out blood volume peripheral resistance

cardiac output can be calculated by:

stroke volume X HR

name the 3 main factors that enhance Cardiac Output

reduce parasympathetic control increase sympathetic activity increase activity of respiratory and muscular pumps

by reducing the effect of the vagus nerve, HR ____

increases

by increasing sympathetic activity, this increases ____

contractility of heart and stroke volume

increasing sympathetic activity, releases ___ to blood from adrenal medulla

Epi

increase activity of respiratory and muscular pumps increases ______

venous return and stroke volume

neural control of blood pressure is a ___ mechanism

short-term

nervous control of peripheral resistance alters...

blood distribution and blood vessel diameter

vasomotor center regulates what?

blood vessel diameter

baroreceptors are able to detect

changes in arterial blood pressure

how can baroreceptors detect change in arterial BP

When BP rises, receptors are stretched

where are baroreceptors located?

carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of all large vessels

the stretching of baroreceptors increases signaling to...

vasomotor center (vasoconstrictor)

baroreceptors __ vasomotor center

inhibits

arteriole dilation ___ peripheral resistance

reduces

venodilation shifts blood to...

venous reservoirs

baroreceptors also send efferent signals to cardiac centers in the medulla which stimulates...

parasympathetic NS

chemoreceptors respond to

changes in 02 and CO2 concentrations and pH

chemoreceptors can be located in

carotid and aortic arch and carotid sinus

NE is a vaso_______

constrictor

EPI increase cardiac output by....

increasing cardiac muscle contractility

the atrial peptide hormone reduces....

BP by antagonizing aldosterone

the atrial peptide hormone increases...

water excretion from kidney

Antidiuretic hormone increases blood pressure by

increasing water absorption by distal tubule

at high concentrations, antidiuretic hormones causes

vasoconstriction

what is angiotensin II mediated by?

release of renin by JGA of kidney tubule

when is renin released?

when amount of blood entering kidney tubule is too low

what does renin do?

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin into angiotensin II

angiotensinogen is released by

liver

the direct effect of angiotensin II is

increased BP

the indirect effect of angiotensin II is

the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex that increases water reabsorption and decreases urine volume increased BP

alcohol ________BP

reduces

T/F alcohol increases loss of water in urine

True

how do kidneys control blood volume?

by regulating water loss in urine

blood volume affects cardiac output via

venous pressure venous return EDV stroke volume

when there is increase in BV, there is an _________ in BP

increase

name 2 things that receive 44% of blood flow at rest

kidney and abdominal organs

during exercise, what receives blood flow?

skin, muscles, and heart increase

flow is fastest through vessels with

smallest cross-sectional area

blood flow through individual organs is ________controlled

intrinsically

excessive or inadequate blood pressure can...

damage or cause the death of an organ

gases and nutrients diffuse from

capillary to interstitial fluid

____________ pass through clefts and fenestrations

water-soluble solutes

________ diffuse through the plasma membranes of capillary epithelial cells

lipid-soluble

name forces responsible for the direction and amount of fluid crossing capillary walls

Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

define hydrostatic pressure

Force exerted by a fluid against a vessel wall

in capillary bed, hydrostatic pressure is ____ as capillary blood pressure

same

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is greatest at

arterial end

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) is lower at

venous end

HPc is opposed by

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Hpif)

define osmotic pressure

Net movement of water from an area of low to high solute concentration

Solute concentration in relatively ____ in capillary blood

high

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure ____ eachother

oppose

T/F: the arterial end, has a greater net filtration pressure than the venous end

true

the pulmonary circulation is for

gas exchange only

the pulmonary trunk bifurcates into

right and left pulmonary arteries

how many lobar arteries are on right side of lungs

how many lobar arteries are on left side of lungs

lobar arteries branch to form

arterioles

the arterioles form the

pulmonary capillaries

capillaries drain into ___

venules

venules join to form

2 pulmonary veins per lung

_____________ drain into left atrium

4 pulmonary veins

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and brachiocephalic

r. common carotid divides into r internal and external carotid r. subclavian divides into r. vertebral and r, axillary

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and l. common carotid

left internal carotid | left external carotid

name sequence of arteries starting at aortic arch and right subclavian

left vertebral | left axillary

what are the other 2 parts of aorta

thoracic aorta | abdominal aorta

Brachiocephalic artery branches off ______

aortic arch

R. subclavian artery branches off _______

brachiocephalic artery

R. vertebral artery branches off _____

R. subclavian artery

R. vertebral joins with L. vertebral to form _____

Basilar artery

Basilar artery is part of?

Circle of Willis

Basilar artery divides to form

R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries

R. and L. posterior cerebral arteries supply

occipital and inferior temporal lobes of brain

After R. subclavian artery branches, Brachiocephalic artery is the

R. common carotid artery

R. common carotid bifurcates to form

R. external and internal carotid arteries

R. external carotid branches as it runs superiorly into

superior thyroid (supplies thyroid and larynx) Lingual (supplies tongue) facial (supplies skin and muscles of anterior face) occipital (supplies posterior scalp)

R. external carotid splits into

``` maxillary (supplies upper and lower jaw) superficial temporal (supplies most of scalp) ```

R. Internal carotid | enters the skull and services

brain

R. internal carotid divides to form

R. anterior cerebral artery | R. middle cerebral artery

R. anterior cerebral artery supplies

medial surface of brain

R. middle cerebral artery supplies

lateral parts of temporal and parietal lobes

R and L. posterior communicating arteries connect posterior cerebral arteries with

R. and L. anterior cerebral arteries

Anterior communicating artery connects

R. and L. anterior cerebral arterioles

R. subclavian artery passes under clavicle | Name changes to

axillary artery

name the 4 arteries that the axillary artery gives rise to

Thoracoacromial Lateral thoracic Subscapular Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries

Thoracoacromial suppliies

superior shoulder and pectoral region

Lateral thoracic supplies

lateral chest wall and breast

Subscapular supplies

scapula, latissimus dorsi and thorax wall

Anterior and posterior circumflex arteries supplies

deltoid and shoulder joint

As axillary artery enters arm, name changes to

brachial artery

Brachial artery gives off a branch called

deep brachial artery

deep brachial artery supplies

triceps brachii

Brachial artery supplies

anterior flexor muscles of arm

Brachial artery splits to form two arteries called

Radial artery | Ulnar artery

radial artery supplies

lateral muscles of forearm

ulnar artery supplies

medial muscles of forearm

Internal thoracic artery branches off the

subclavian artery

As the internal thoracic artery descends it gives off

anterior intercostals arteries

anterior intercostals arteries supplies

anterior intercostals spaces

________gives rise to the first two posterior intercostals arteries

Costocervical trunk

The thoracic aorta gives rise to

9 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries

Abdominal artery lies below the

diaphragm

As abdominal aorta descends it gives rise to the

inferior phrenic arteries

inferior phrenic arteries supplies

diaphragm

Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

celiac trunk

Celiac trunk divides into three branches:

common hepatic artery splenic artery Left gastric artery

Common hepatic gives off branches to

stomach, small intestine and pancreas

After giving off gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic becomes

hepatic artery

hepatic artery supplies

liver

Splenic sends branches to

stomach and pancreas

Splenic terminates in the

spleen

L. gastric artery supplies

stomach and inferior esophagus

T/F Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the suprarenal arteries

true

suprarenal arteries supply

adrenal glands

after the suprarenal artery, there is the

superior mesenteric artery

Superior mesenteric gives off branches that supply mesenteric organs

intestinal ileocolic r and middle colic

intestinal artery supplies

large intestine

Ileocolic supplies

appendix, colon

R. and middle colic supplies

transverse colon

Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the paired

renal arteries

renal arteries supplies

kidneys on each side og body

after renal artery, Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

gonadal arteries

after gonadal artery, Abdominal aorta descends and gives off the

inferior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric gives off branches that supply

distal part of colon

after inferior mesenteric artery, abdominal aorta gives off

lumbar arteries

lumbar arteries supply

posterior abdominal wall

Aorta terminates giving rise to three arteries

median sacral | right and left common iliacs

Common iliac divides into two branches

internal iliac | external iliac

internal iliac supplies

pelvis and visceral organs(bladder, rectum, uterus, and vagina)

external iliac enters thigh and it becomes

femoral artery

Femoral artery gives off

deep femoral artery

Deep femoral artery serves

posterior thigh

Deep femoral artery gives off branches that supply head and neck of femur

Lateral and medial circumflex arteries

Femoral artery descends and passes through adductor hiatus and enters popliteal fossa where it becomes

popliteal artery

popliteal artery supplies

knee region

Popliteal artery divides

Posterior tibial artery | Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery gives off

peroneal artery

peroneal artery supplies

lateral muscles of the leg

Anterior tibial artery supplies

extensor muscles

Superior vena cava runs from union of

brachiocephalic veins (left and right)

Veins that drain into R. brachiocephalic vein

right internal jugular vein right vertebral vein right subclavian vein

R. external jugular vein empties into

R. subclavian vein

Inferior vena cava runs from junction of common iliac veins to

right atrium

Veins that drain into inferior vena cava

``` right and left hepatic veins right suprarenal vein renal veins right gonadal vein lumbar veins ```

Deep veins of the face drain into

inferior jugular veins

Most blood from the brain drains into

internal jugular veins

Most veins drain into

dural (meningeal) sinuses

Azygos system drains

thoracic tissues

Azygos vein drains into

superior vena cava

Posterior intercostal veins drain into

azygos veins

Distal veins of the arm drain into

ulnar and radial veins

Ulnar and radial veins unite to form

brachial vein

As brachial vein enters shoulder, it becomes

axillary vein

At level of first rib, axillary vein becomes

subclavian vein

Median vein of the forearm lies between

ulna and radius

Cephalic vein joins with

axillary vein

Basilic vein joins with

brachial vein

Median cubital vein connects

Median cubital vein is commonly used to

obtain blood samples

Multiple hepatic veins carry blood from

liver to inferior vena cava

______drain gall bladder and join the hepatic veins

cystic veins

Hepatic portal vein receives drainage from

digestive viscera

Inferior mesenteric drains

large intestine and rectum

Splenic drains

spleen, parts of the stomach, and pancreas

lumbar veins drain into

inferior vena cava

R.: ovaries or testes on right side of body drains into

vena cava

R.: ovaries or testes on right side of body drains into

left renal vein

right suprarenal drains into

vena cava

left suprarenal drains in

left renal vein

Common iliacs join to form

inferior vena cava

Anterior and posterior tibial veins joins to form

popliteal

Above the knee the popliteal becomes the

femoral vein

As the femoral vein enters the pelvis it becomes the

external iliac

External iliac joins with internal iliac to form

common iliac vein

the great saphenous veins drains

medial aspects of leg

the great saphenous vein is the

longest vein in body

the great saphenous vein empties into

femoral vein

the small saphenous vein drains the

deep fascia of calf

the small saphenous vein empties into

popliteal vein

Blood Vessels Flashcards

(257 cards)