Cardiovascular Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
the heart can be found within the…
A
mediastinum of the medial cavity of the thorax
2
Q
the heart is ______ to vertebral column
A
anterior
3
Q
the heart is _____ to sternum
A
posterior
4
Q
the heart is _____ to diaphragm
A
superior
5
Q
the superior margin of the heart can be identified close to the
A
2nd rib
6
Q
the inferior margin can be deduced close to the…
A
5th intercostal space
7
Q
60% of the mass can be found to the
A
left of midline
8
Q
the base of the heart faces
A
right shoulder
9
Q
the apex of the heart points…
A
inferiorly toward left hip
10
Q
the apex of the heart contacts the chest wall between
A
5th and 6th ribs
11
Q
define pericardium
A
is a double layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart
12
Q
there are 2 main pericardiums, name them
A
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
13
Q
the fibrous pericardium is made up of
A
dense irregular connective tissue
14
Q
what does the fibrous pericardium do?
A
protects heart
anchors heart to surrounding tissues
prevents over-filling
15
Q
the serous pericardium is made up of these 2 layers:
A
parietal layer
visceral layer
16
Q
the parietal layers makes up the
A
internal space of the fibrous pericardium
17
Q
the visceral layer can also be called the
A
epicardium
18
Q
the visceral layer does what?
A
covers heart surface
19
Q
what is between the serous layers?
A
pericardial cavity
20
Q
the pericardial cavity is filled with?
A
serous pericardial fluid
21
Q
what is the function of serous pericardial fluid?
A
reduces friction between serous membranes
22
Q
the fibrous pericardium is continuous with…
A
the connective tissue coverings of the great vessels
23
Q
the fibrous pericardium is inferiorly attached to
A
diaphragm
24
Q
name the 3 layers of heart
A
epicardium
middle myocardium
deep endocardium
25
define epicardium
thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth, outer surface of the heart
26
the epicardium is made up of what kind of cells?
simple squamous
27
the myocardium is the ____ middle layer
thick
28
________ is responsible for the heart's ability to contract
myocardium
29
the myocardium is made up primarily of
cardiac muscle
30
the cardiac muscles of the heart are arranged...
in circular bundles
31
what does the fibrous skeleton of the heart do?
holds cardiac muscle together
32
what is the endocardium?
the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers and myocardial surface
33
the endocardium lines...
heart and connective tissues of the valves
34
what kind of cells make up the endocardium?
squamous epithelium
35
the heart is divided longitudinally by the
interatrial septum
| interventricular septum
36
name the 4 chambers of heart
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
37
the atria ________ blood
receive returning
38
on top of the atria, you can find __________- that increase atrial volume
auricles
39
define fossa ovalis
residual impression of fetal foramen ovale
40
define fetal foramen ovale
an opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and the fetus that allowed blood to bypass pulmonary circulation
41
name the 3 main veins of the right atrium
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
42
what does superior vena cava do?
return flow from regions superior to diaphragm
43
what does inferior vena cava do?
return flow from regions inferior to diaphragm
44
what does coronary sinus do?
drain blood from myocardium
45
name the veins of the left atrium
4 pulmonary veins
46
where does blood travel to when in the pulmonary veins?
from lungs, back to heart and to the left atrium
47
its in the ventricles that blood ______ the heart
leaves
48
T/F the ventricles make up the least mass of the heart
false; it makes the most
49
name the 2 muscles of the ventricles
trabeculae carneae
| papillary muscles
50
define trabeculae carneae
crossbars found in the inferior walls of ventricles
51
papillary muscles work on
valve function
52
the ___________ is connected to the right ventricle
pulmonary trunk
53
the pulmonary trunk routes blood towards...
lungs
54
the left ventricle is connected to the
Aorta
55
the aorta leads blood to _____ circulation
systemic
56
name the 3 circuits of blood flow
pulmonary circulation
| systemic circulation
57
the pulmonary circulation begins at
right ventricle
58
the pulmonary circulation ends at
left atrium
59
in pulmonary circulation, blood returning from body to right atrium is ________________ concentration
low O2
60
describe blood flow of pulmonary circulation
```
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
gas exchange
O2 rich blood travels into pulmonary veins
left atrium
```
61
where does the systemic circulation begin
left ventricle
62
describe systemic circulation
```
left ventricle towards aorta
body
has exchange occurs and low O2 blood
inferior vena cava
right atrium
```
63
which circulation does more work?
systemic circulation
64
which ventricle is bigger?
left ventricle
65
what is the purpose of valves?
prevent backflow into atria
66
the valves are _____ during ventricular contraction
closed
67
name the Right AV valve
tricuspid valve
| "Try to be Right"
68
the tricuspid valve has how many cusps?
3
69
name the left AV valve
bicuspid valve
70
how many cusps doe the bicuspid valve have?
2
71
what doe chordae tendineae do?
heart strings that attach to cusps to anchor them on top papillary muscles
72
during ventricular contraction, intraventricular pressure ____
rises
73
the rise in intraventricular pressure during ventricular contraction makes blood
go against valve flaps
74
name the 2 semilunar valves
aortic semilunar valves
| pulmonary semilunar valve
75
the aortic semilunar valves is between?
left ventricle and aorta
76
the pulmonary semilunar valve is between?
right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
77
the semilunar valves open during?
ventricular contraction
78
right and left coronary arteries arise from
base of aorta
79
the left coronary artery supplies
left side of heart
80
name the 2 branches off the left coronary arteries
circumflex artery
| anterior interventricular artery
81
the right coronary artery supplies
right side of heart
82
name the 2 branches off right coronary artery
marginal artery
| posterior interventricular artery
83
flow to myocardium occurs only during _____
diastole
84
the cardiac veins form the
coronary sinus
85
the coronary sinus drains into
right atrium
86
name the 3 veins that form coronary sinus
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac veinn
87
the anterior cardiac veins empty into
right atrium
88
angina pectoris results in
temporary deficient blood flow to the myocardium
89
a myocardial infarction is
heart attack
90
due to a myocardial infarction, the cardiac cells...
die
91
cardiac cells are ______
amitotic
92
cells that die due to a heart attack are replaced with
non-contractile scar tissue
93
O2 deficiency causes...
necrosis
94
__________ are branched, short, and interconnected fbers
cardiac muscle
95
cardiac muscles contract by
sliding filament mechanism
96
cardiac muscle fibers are connected by
intercalated discs
97
intercalated discs are anchoring
desmosomes
98
intercalated discs do what to cardiac muscle cells
connect them
99
the entire myocardium acts as a
single unit
100
__________ are used to hold cell together when heart contacts
desmosomes
101
all cardiac muscle ccells contract as a
single unit
102
cardiac muscle is self
excitable
103
cardiac muscles can initiate what?
action potentials
104
what are intrinsic conduction system?
non contractile cardiac cells that initiate and distribute impulses
105
describe the events of pacemaker potential
1. Prepotential
Na+ influx (entering) offset by K+ efflux (leaving)
K+ permeability gradually decreases (K channels close)
2. Influx of Na+ depolarizes the cardiac cells
depolarization phase
this opens fast Ca+ channels at threshold
Ca2+ influx from extracellular space causes rising phase of action potential
repolarization phase
repolarization causes K+ channels to open and Ca+ channels to close
cardiac cells repolarize
106
where can autorhythmic cells be found
only in right atrium
107
the SA node is a
pacemaker
108
depolarization leaves SA node and enters
AV node
109
the AV node is located
in interatrial septum
110
impulse from AV node passes towards
bundle of His
111
bundle is His is located in
inferior interatrial septum
112
the impulse later travel from bundle of His into
left and right bundle branches
113
the impulse travels from bundle branches into
purkinje fibers
114
describe cardiac action potential
Resting membrane phase (phase 4)
Depolarization phase (phase 0) where there is rapid influx Na+
Inactivation of the fast Na+ channels (phase 1) Cl- enters and K+ leaves
Plateau phase (phase 2) balance between K+ and Cl-
Ca2+ flows through L-type Ca2+ channel
Repolarization (Phase 3)
L-type Ca2+ channels close and K+ still leaves
115
define arrhythmias
uncoordinated contractions of atria and ventricles
116
define fibrillation
rapid, ireegular contractions
117
define ectopic focus
excitable tissue other than SA node controls heart contractions
118
a heart block is cause by
damage to AV node
119
name the cardioacceleratory center
medulla and sympathetic NS
| w
120
name the cardioinhibitory center
vagus nerve and parasympathetic system
121
define P wave
depolarization moving from SA node through atria
122
define QRS complex
ventricular depolarization that precedes contraction
123
define T wave
ventricular repolarization
124
define PR interval
from beginning of atrial excitation and ventriculation excitation
125
define QT interval
ventricular depolarization through repolarization
126
define systole
contraction (depolarization)
127
define diastole
relaxation (repolarization)
128
the 1st heart sound can be heard when
AV valves close during onset of systole
129
during ventricular diastole, ventricular volume....
increases
130
during ventricular systole, diastolic pressure...
increases or is at its highest
131
the 2nd heart sound can be heard when
semilunar valves close and beginning of ventricular diastole
132
during ventricular systole, ventricular volume...
decreases
133
when the AV valves are open, the semilunar valves are
closed
134
during ventricular systole, AV valves are
closed
135
when are both AV valves and semilunar valves both closed
at the beginning of ventricular systole
136
describe what happens during ventricular systole
isovolumetric contraction phase is where blood pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk exceed intraventricular pressure
pressure in ventricles increases without volume changing
intraventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large vessels and then the semilunar valves open and blood is propelled
137
during the T wave, intraventricular pressure
drops
138
which sound is louder and longer?
sound 1
139
define cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute
140
how to calculate cardiac output
stroke volume X Heart rate
141
define stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat
142
how to calculate stroke volume
difference between EDV and ESV
143
Define EDV
end diastolic volume
| length of ventricular diastole
144
define ESV
end systolic volume
145
name the 3 factor that affect stroke volume
preload degree of stretch prior to contraction (most important for EDV)
contractility (decrease ESV)
afterload-arterial blood pressure
146
define afterload-arterial blood pressure
pressure ventricular contraction must overcome
147
the parasympathetic system is mediated by
acetylcholine
148
Epinephrine ___ HR
increases
149
Ca2+ decreases causes
depressed heart function
150
name physical factors that affect heart
age (inverse relation_
gender (female is faster)
exercise
body temp (HR is lowered when cold)
