Reproductive System Flashcards
(327 cards)
1
Q
name the 3 types of sex
A
chromosomal sex
gonadal sex
phenotypic sex
2
Q
chromosomal sex is determined by
A
sex chromosomes
3
Q
XY
A
male
4
Q
XX
A
female
5
Q
Mother always contributes the
A
X chromosome
6
Q
_____ always has an X chromsome
A
Egg (gamete)
7
Q
what determines sex of embryo?
A
chromosomal sex of the fertilizing sperm
8
Q
Y results in the development of
A
a male
9
Q
X results in the development of
A
a female
10
Q
What is present in Y chromosome that promotes development of male
A
TDF
11
Q
TDF stands for
A
testis determining factor
12
Q
gonadal sex is based on
A
genetic makeup of the embryo
13
Q
gonadal sex can have either
A
ovary or testes
14
Q
phenotypic sex is determined primarily by
A
reproductive structures
15
Q
phenotypic sex is determined secondarily by
A
genitalia
16
Q
At _ weeks, both male and female embryos share the same structures
A
5 weeks
17
Q
In embryo, the gonadal ridge is the
A
precursor to the gonads
18
Q
____________ become female ducts
A
Mullerian ducts
19
Q
the female ducts consist of
A
Oviducts and uterus
20
Q
__________ become male ducts
A
Wolffian ducts
21
Q
the male ducts include
A
Epididymis
ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
22
Q
the formation of male gonads is at week _
A
7
23
Q
the formation of female gonads is at week _
A
8
24
Q
______________ migrate from yolk sac
A
primordial germ cells
25
name the seeds the developing gonads with stem cells that become gametes
spermatogonia
| oogonia
26
gonadal ridges differentiate into either
testes or ovaries
27
__________ determines whether gonadal ridges differentiate into either testes or ovaries
genetic makeup
28
The indifferent gonad consists of a
medulla or cortex
29
the gonadal medulla becomes the
testis
30
the gonadal cortex becomes the
ovary
31
__ determines which duct system develops
testes
32
testes produce
testosterone
33
Testes produced ____ hormone
anti-Mullerian hormone
34
AMH stands for
anti-Mullerian hormone
35
AMH causes
paramesonephric ducts to degenerate
36
when paramesonephric ducts to degenerate, what happens?
no ovaries or oviducts develop
37
in the absence of testes, what happens?
female form develops passively
38
male and female structures arise from ____
the same structures
39
during the indifferent stage, all embryos have:
genital tubercle
urethral groove
urethral folds
labioscrotal swellings
40
during 8th week _______ begin to develop
external genitalia
41
For males, _______ enlarges and becomes the penis
genital tubercle
42
for males, what do the urethral folds do?
fuse along midline to form spongy urethra
43
for males, the tip of the urethral folds remain
unfused
44
for males, the unfused tip of the urethral folds is called
urethral orifice
45
for males, what does the labioscrotal swellings do?
fuse along midline to form scotum
46
for females, the genital tubercle becomes the
clitoris
47
for females, the urethral groove persists to
vestibule
48
for females, what happens with the urethral folds?
they do not fuse and form the labia minora
49
for females, what happens to the labioscrotal folds?
they do not fuse and form the labio majora
50
differentiation is dependent on what?
the presence or absence of testosterone
51
if testosterone is present, _____ develop
male external genitalia
52
if testosterone is not present, ______ develop
female genitalia
53
________ is the default state
female
54
what happens when a genetic male's testes do not produce testosterone?
embryo develops with female accessory structures and genitalia
55
what happens when a genetic male's testes produce testosterone but not AMH?
both male and female ducts form but the external genitalia is male
56
a genetic female can be exposed to testosterone how?
androgen producing adrenal tumors
57
when a genetic female is exposed to testosterone, what happens?
embryo has ovaries
development of male ducts and glands
penis with scrotum but no testes
58
define pseudohermaphrodites
1. gonads do not match accessory reproductive structures
2. One that possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the external physical characteristics of the opposite sex.
59
define hermaphrodites
possess both ovarian and testicular tissues
| presence of both male and female reproductive organs
60
what happens during the last two months of fetal development?
gonads descend
61
testes leave ________ and enter scrotum
abdominal cavity
62
define cryptpchidism
testes fail to descend
63
ovary only descends to what level?
top of the pelvis
64
the levels of FSH and LH are ____ prior to puberty for females
very low
65
FSH and LH levels begin to elevate between
10 and 14 years after birth
66
______ synthesizes and releases FSH and Lh
Pituitary
67
onset of puberty for females is marked by an amplification of..
sleep related pattern of LH release
68
rising levels of gonadotropins stimulate the ovary to produce ________
estradiol
69
what is estradiol responsible for?
development of secondary sexual characteristics
70
name the 3 female secondary sexual characteristics estradiol is responsible for
growth and development of breast
fat redistribution
bone maturation
71
follicle development occurs in ___ but fails to reach ovulation stage
waves
72
with successive follicular cycles, what happens?
the uterine endometrium grows sufficiently so that withdrawal of estrogen results in menstruation
73
with no ovulation, there is no ________ and no ___________
corpus luteum
| progesterone
74
_________ occurs at an average age of 12
Menarche
75
define menarche
first menstrual period
76
after menarche, ovulation does not occur for another
6-9 months
77
puberty in males is correlated with?
alterations in testosterone levels
78
during the first trimester through gestation, testosterone is
elevated
79
testosterone returns to 0 until
12 years of age
80
after 12 years of age, testosterone levels begin to
rise
81
testosterone levels reach peak at age
17
82
testosterone levels stay at "peak" until about age
50
83
after age 50, what happens to testosterone levels
decrease slightly
84
name the 5 anatomical changes that occur cause of testosterone secretion
```
increase in the size of internal and external genitalia
characteristic hair growth
androgen sensitive muscle growth
larynx enlarges and vocal cords thicken
enhanced rate of linear growth
```
85
linear growth in males occurs at what rate?
3 inches per year for 4 years
86
______ lie within scrotum
testes
87
the testes is divided into 250-300 wedge shaped compartments called
lobules
88
what does each lobule of the testes contain?
1-4 seminiferous tubules
89
the lobules are connected to the
tubulus rectus
90
what is the tubulus rectus connected to?
rete testis
91
what is the rete testis connected to?
efferent tubule
92
the efferent tubules are connected to?
epididymis
93
the scrotum is a sac of
skin
94
scrotum hang outside the
abdomen
95
why does the scrotum hang outside abdomen?
sperm need to be at lower temperature than core body temperature by 3 degrees C
96
where is the scrotum located?
base of penis
97
T/F Skin of scrotum is more heavily pigmented than other parts of the body
True
98
the scrotum is divided into
2 compartments
99
when cold, the scrotum...
is pulled closer to body
100
when cold, the scrotum ______________ to reduce heat loss
reduces surface area
101
when warm, scrotum become
loose to increase surface area for cooling
102
Sperm travel from the testes to the outside via
a series of ducts
103
name the accessort ducts
epididymis
ductus deferens
Urethra
104
the epididymis consists of the
head, body, and tail
105
when sperm are released from seminiferous tubule, they are _______
nonmotile
106
as sperm move through epididymis, what happens?
some become motile
107
it takes _________ for sperm to move through epididymis
20 days
108
during _______________, epididymis contracts vigorously
ejaculation
109
sperm is expelled from tail portion of epididymis, and into....
ductus deferens
110
the ductus deferens runs from
epididymis through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
111
the ductus deferens joins with
seminal vesicle
112
define ejacculatory duct
union of duct of seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
113
the ejaculatory duct passes into
prostate gland
114
where does the prostate empty into?
urethra
115
during ejacuation, muscle in the walls of the __________________ contracts
ductus deferens
116
define vasectomy
cut and ligate ductus deferens where it joins epididymis
117
T/F vasectomy only gives you 50% of protection against pregnancy
false; 100 percent
118
the urethra is the
terminal portion of male duct system
119
______ conveys both urine and seme (at different times)
urethra
120
the urethra runs through penis and opens at the
external urethral orifice
121
name the 3 types of accessory glands
paired seminal vesicles
paired bulbourethral glands
single prostate
122
_______ secretions account for 60% of semen
seminal vesicles
123
the seminal vesicles discarge....
yellow, viscous, alkaline fluid
124
what does the fluid the seminal vesicles discharge contain?
fructose, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), prostaglandins
125
what do the prostaglandins do?
breaks down cervical mucus
126
the seminal vesicles joins with ductus deferens to form
ejaculatory duct
127
the seminal vesicle drains into
prostate
128
the prostate secretions account for
33% of semen
129
describe prostate gland discharge
milky, white acid fluid
130
prostate gland secretions contain
citrate
131
where does prostate gland fluid enter?
urethra during ejaculation
132
what does the bulbourethral gland produce?
thick, clear mucus
133
what does the bulbourethral gland do?
neutralizes acidic urine that may be present in urethra
134
the penis is a _____ organ
compulatory
135
what does penis do?
delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
136
the penis consists of
root and shaft
137
the shafts ends in an
enlarged tip, glans penis
138
what is the skin at the end?
prepuce (foreskin) is loose and slide forward around glans
139
what is the foreskin commonly done to?
surgically removed; circumcision
140
T/F the internal anatomy of penis the spongy urethra
true
141
the internal penis contains 3 long cylindrical bodies of
erectile tissue
142
what is the erectile tissue made of?
smooth muscle and connective with vascular space interspersed
143
what happens during erection?
vascular spaces fill with blood
penis enlarges and rigid
permits penetration
144
semen is a mixture of
sperm and secretions from accessory glands
145
semen is a ____medium
transport
146
T/F semen is not a source of nutrients
false; it is
147
semen enhance sperm ___
motility
148
semen help neutralize acidic environment in
vagina
149
the ovary is a ____ gonad
female
150
the ovary produces
gametes and hormones
151
what are the 2 hormones the ovaries can produce?
estrogen
| progesterone
152
name the 3 types of ligaments the ovary has
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
broad ligament
153
define ovarian ligament
anchors ovary to uterus
154
define suspensory ligament
anchors ovary to pelvic wall
155
define broad ligament
support uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
156
the fallopian tubes can also be called
oviducts
157
what is the site of fertilization
fallopian tubes
158
what do the uterine tubes do?
transport fertilized egg to uterus
159
name all the regions of fallopian tube
fimbriae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
160
what does the beating cilia in fimbriae do?
carries the oocyte into the uterine tube
161
___________- carry the egg along tube
smooth muscle contraction and beating cilia
162
T/F uterine tube are continuous with ovary
false; they are not
163
what happens when pathogens (sexually transmitted) infect peritoneal cavity?
PID- pelvic inflammatory disease
164
what does uterus do?
sustain fertilized ovum
165
name characteristics of uterus
anteverted
| muscular
166
name all parts of uterus
```
body
fundus
isthmus
cervix
cervical canal
external os
internal os
```
167
___________ is secreted by gland in cervix
cervical mucus
168
name the 3 layers of uterine wall
perimetrium
endometrium
myometrium
169
define vagina
female organ of copulation
170
T/F vagina walls are not distensible
false; they are
171
name the 3 layers of vagina
aventia
muscularis
mucosa
172
define aventia
elastic outer layer if vagina
173
define muscularis
smooth muscle layer of vagina
174
define mucosa
inner layer of vagina
175
what are rugae
raised ridges of mucosal layer and stimulate penis during intercourse
176
the vagina is lubricated by
mucus released by cervix
177
mucosal layer of vagina releases _____ that is metabolized by resident anaerobic bacteria
glycogen
178
the glycogen that is metabolized by resident anaerobic bacteria does what?
makes vagina acidic -> hostile to sperm
| protects against infection
179
why are sexually active teenagers predisposed to sexually transmitted diseases?
adolescent vagina tend to be more alkaline
180
the vagina orifice has an incomplete partition __________
hymen
181
T/F hymen bleeds when ruptured
true
182
what is it meant by variable durability of hymen?
in some females it ruptures readily, while in others it requires surgery to breach
183
what are the vaginal-fornix
superior portions of vagina that extend into recess of the cervix
184
________ is designed to cover as a form of contraception
diaphragm
185
name the structures of external genitalia
mons pubis
labia
clitoris
vestibular structures
186
define mons pubis
fatty, rounded area overlying the public symphysis and is covered with pubic hair following puberty
187
define labia majora
elongated, hair covered fatty skin folds
188
the labia majora is the homologue of ______
scrotum
189
define labia minora
enclosed by labia majora
| hair free skin folds
190
the labia minora is the homologue of _____
ventral penis
191
the labia minora encloses what?
a recess called the vestibule
192
the vestibule contains openings of
the urethra and vagina
193
what do the greater vestibular glands release?
mucus into vestibule
194
the release of mucus into vestibule by greater vestibular glands is in order to
keep it moist and lubricated
| facilitates intercourse
195
the clitoris is composed of
erectile tissue
196
what happens to clitoris during tactile stimulation?
becomes swollen with blood and erect
197
the clitoris is hooded by...
a fold of skin called the prepuce of the clitoris
198
the clitoris is innervated by
sensory fibers sensitive to touch
199
T/F the urinary tract for females is not separated
false; it is
200
the mammary glands is present in both sexes but
only function in females
201
the mammary glands are biologically important only when?
during reproduction
202
the mammary glands produce
milk
203
each mammary gland is contained by a
rounded skin-covered breast
204
the mammary glands and breast is found anteriorly to _____ muscle
pectoral
205
define areola
ring of pigmented skin
206
where is nipple located?
center of the areola
207
_________ controls smooth muscle of the areola and nipple
Autonomic NS
208
the nipple becomes erect when....
stimulated or cold
209
________make surface of areola bumpy
sebaceous glands
210
what do sebaceous glands produce?
sebum that reduces chapping and cracking of skin of nipple
211
the mammary glands contain _____ that radiate around and open at the nipple
lobule
212
lobes are padded and protected by
fat and connective tissue
213
what are found within lobes?
lobules
214
lobules contain what?
glandular alveoli
215
the glandular alveoli produce?
milk when a woman is lactating
216
alveolar glands pass milk into
lactiferous ducts
217
the lactiferous ducts open to
outside at the nipple
218
define gametogenesis
process of differentiation that produces cells specialized for reproduction
219
name the main 2 processes of gametogensis
spermatogenesis
| oogenesis
220
spermatogenesis produce
sperm
221
____________-- differentiate into spermatozoa
spermatogonium
222
oogenesis produce
ova
223
oogonium differentiate into
ovum
224
spermatogenesis takes place in
testes
225
oogenesis takes place in
ovary
226
spermatogenesis is the process of producing sperm with....
half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells
227
the germ cells (spermatogonium) progress first from
diploid to haploid state
228
the spermatogonium turn from diploid to haploid using
1st mitotic division
229
germ cells of 1st mitotic division are called
primary spermatocyte
230
the products of the germ cells after 1st meiotic division are called
secondary spermatocyte
231
after 1st meiotic division, what happens?
the germ cells divide again during 2nd meiotic division
232
after secondary meiotic division, what do the secondary spermatocytes turn into?
spermatid
233
what later happens to the spermatid?
they become a sperm cell
234
the process of spermatogenesis then allows the recombination of male and female haploid gametes at __________
fertilization
235
why are haploids good for humans?
provides genetic contributions from both parents without increasing the number of chromosomes each generation
236
where does spermatogenesis occur?
in medullary sex cords known as seminiferous tubules
237
seminiferous tubules are part of the
male gonad or testes
238
what do nurse cells provide?
support for germ cells
environment for germ cells to develop and mature
substances initiating meiosis or the reduction from diploid to haploid cells
hormonal signals effecting pituitary gland control of spermatogenesis
239
what doe leydig cells do?
produce testosterone
240
where are leydig cells located?
adjacent to seminiferous tubules
241
another name for nurse cell is
sertoli cells
242
what is the function of testes?
produce the male gametes or spermatozoa
243
what is the production of gametes in males called?
spermatogenesis
244
the site of spermatozoa production is the...
seminiferous tubules
245
the spermatozoa originate from precursor cells that are called...
spermatogonia
246
where are the spermatogonia?
they line the basement membrane of seminiferous tubule
247
name the 3 parts spermatogenesis can be divided into:
1. spermatocytogenesis-proliferating phase
2. meiosis-production of the haploid phase
3. spermiogenesis- spermatids mature into spermatozoa
248
T/F Males continue to produce spermatozoa until age 70
False; throughout life
249
define spermiogensis
morphological conversion of round spermatid into spermatozoa without a division
250
name the 5 overall results of spermatogenesis
1. . cell proliferation
2. maintenance of a reserve germ cell population
3. haploid gametes are produced
4. genetic variability is introduced
5. spermatids mature into spermatozoa
251
each spermatogonia may produce up to ________ per cycle
256 spermatozoa
252
define oogenesis
differentiation of female primordial germ cell into an unfertilized egg
253
the egg cell is _______relative to the size of somatic cells of the organism
large
254
egg cell is larger than somatic cells due to
the accumulation of storage products
255
the storage products are for
energy necessary for embryonic development
256
the storage products include yolk, cytoplasmic organelles,
structural proteins, enzymes, and components of the translation machinery
257
name the extracellular coat surrounding mammalian eggs
zona pellucida
258
what is the function of the zona pellucida
serves to protect egg
serves as a selective, species-specific barrier to sperm penetration to assure that the egg is fertilized by sperm of the same species
259
________- contain a nucleus and most of the cytoplasmic organelles present in other animal cells
all eggs
260
the nucleus of the egg is a ____
haploid
261
what may happen prior to fertilization? (to egg)
the egg may be arrested in diakinesis of prophase I
262
where does oogenesis occur?
ovary
263
the ovaries complex organs are composed of
structural, accessory, and endocrine cells in addition to the germ line cells
264
___________ are distributed throughout the ovary in follicles
immature oocytes
265
oocytes differ in size and composition depending on the
differentiated state
266
about how many follicles are present in each human ovary?
200,000 to 400,000
267
what does each follicle contain?
a single oogonia
268
T/F all oogonia reach maturity
False; only few
269
only about __ oocytes mature and are released by ovulation
400
270
location of oocyte depends on its
maturity
271
Primordial follicles are most prevalent in the
stroma (near the outside)
272
oocytes become more ________ as they mature
centrally located
273
_____________________________ migrate to the ovary during fetal and embryonic development
primordial germ cells
274
what does differentiation of primordial germ cell into an unfertilized egg require?
proliferation and growth in size
275
name the 3 main phases of oogenesis
proliferative growth
growth phase
meiotic phase
276
what happens in the proliferative growth phase?
primordial germ cells multiply by mitotic divisions
277
the proliferative growth phases occurs during?
embryonic and fetal development
278
T/F proliferative growth phase is completed prior to birth
True
279
the growth phase is inpreparation for
post-fertilization development
280
during the growth phase, the cell may increase from 100 to
1,000,000 fold the size of the oogonium
281
oogonium becomes committed to proceed through oogenesis when it enters
the S-phase of meiosis
282
replication of the DNA produces a cell with a 2N chromosome and ______________
4N DNA content
283
most oogenesis is spent with the cell in the ________ of the first meiotic division
prophase
284
the growth phase typically spans a period of ______________ for most animals
several weeks to several months
285
during the meiotic phase, a ____________signals the oocyte to compete meiosis
maturation stimulus
286
mature oocyte passes through ______ meiotic divisions
2
287
one cell retains the vast majority of the cytoplasm and becomes the
egg
288
what happens to the extra sets of chromosomes?
they are eliminated in polar bodies
289
how many polar bodies are formed depending on whether the first polar body divides?
2 or 3 polar bodies
290
when 3 polar bodies are formed, what does each contain?
one copy of a haploid set of chromosomes and a small fraction of the cytoplasm from the mature oocyte
291
T/F polar bodies are functional
false; they are nonfunctional and eventually die
292
what doe the egg contain at the end of the meiotic division?
one copy of a haploid set of chromosomes and most of the cytoplasm
293
prior to first meiotic division, the oocyte is referred to as
primary oocyte
294
following first meiotic division, the oocyte is referred to as
secondary oocyte
295
oocytes mature in close association with
follicle cells
296
__________ form a single or multicellular layer surrounding the oocyte
the follicle cells
297
as follicle matures, it progresses from primary to secondary to...
Graafian follicle
298
as the oocyte reaches maturity, the follicle becomes __________ to form the Graafian follicle
filled with fluid
299
what happens when Graafian follicles mature?
they rupture to release oocyte
300
what is the process of Graafian follicles maturing and rupturing to release oocyte called?
ovulation
301
__________ division does not happen until after fertilization
second meiotic divison
302
Graafian follicle continues to differentiate to from the
corpus luteum after egg is released
303
Immature oocytes are stimulated to grow and mature by
FSH
304
FSH is an....
anterior pituitary hormone
305
_______ is produced by follicle (hormone)
estrogen
306
what stimulates corpus luteum development
Luteining hormone
307
LH is an
anterior pituitary hormone
308
_____ is produced by corpus luteum
progesterone
309
name the major glands and organs involved in menstrual cycle
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
ovary
uterus
310
the uterus is shaped like
inverted pear
311
the uterus is a ____ organ with thick walls
muscular
312
the glandular lining of the uterus is called
endometrium
313
the narrow end of the uterus is called
cervix
314
the cervix projects into the
vagina
315
the opening of the uterus into the vagina is called the
external os of the uterus
316
the cervix is lined with
mucous membrane containing numerous glands that secrete a clear, alkaline mucus
317
the ______ connect ovaries to the fundus of the uterus
fallopian tubes aka uterine tubes
318
the body of the uterus lies below the
fundus
319
the body of uterus is small except for
pregnancy
320
the uterus lies at a _______ to vagina
right angle
321
name the 3 layers of uterus
serous coat of peritoneum
myometrium
endometrium
322
define myometrium
middle layer of muscular tissue
323
define endometrium
innermost layer of tissue in the uterus is the mucous membrane
324
the endometrium of the uterus contains
numerous uterine glands that open into the uterine cavity
325
______ exhibits dramatic changes during each menstrual cycle
endometrium
326
the endometrium is composed of __ levels
3
327
which layers of the endometrium are shed at menstruation
2 inner most
