Respiratory System Flashcards
(273 cards)
1
Q
What is the main function of respiration?
A
supply body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
2
Q
Name the 4 main processes of respiration.
A
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
3
Q
define pulmonary respiration (breathing)
A
moving air in and out of lungs
4
Q
define external respiration
A
has exchange between blood and chambers
5
Q
define transport of respiratory gases
A
gases must be transported between lungs and tissue cells of the body
6
Q
how is transport of respiratory gases accomplished?
A
through the cardiovascular system
7
Q
define internal respiration
A
gas exchanges between blood and tissue cells
8
Q
Name the main organs of the respiratory system
A
nose nasal cavity pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
9
Q
which organs make up the upper respiratory tract?
A
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
10
Q
which organs make up the lower respiratory tract?
A
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
11
Q
define respiratory zone
A
site of gas exchange
12
Q
what makes up the respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli
microscopic structures
13
Q
define conducting zone
A
conduits that provide air to reach respiratory zone
14
Q
what is the main purpose of the conducting zone
A
to warm, humidify, and filter the air
15
Q
Function of the nose and paranasal sinuses
A
airway for respiration moistens and warms air filters air resonating chamber for speech houses olfactory receptors
16
Q
name the main structures that make up the external nose
A
root and bridge dorsum nasi apex philtrum external nares alae
17
Q
_______ divides the nasal cavity
A
nasal septum
18
Q
it is in the ________ that air enters through the external nares
A
nasal cavity
19
Q
the nasal cavity is continuous with the…
A
nasal portion of the pharynx
20
Q
_____ is the cavity superior to the nostrils
A
vestibule
21
Q
the vestibule contains 2 glands:
A
sebaceous and sweat
22
Q
the vestibule contains ________ that filter course particles
A
hair follicles
23
Q
the remaining nasal cavity is lined with __________
A
mucous membrane
24
Q
name the 2 types of mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity
A
olfactory mucous
respiratory mucous
25
what kind of cells make up the respiratory mucous?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
26
mucous cells secrete...
mucous
27
serous cells secrete....
enzyme laden watery fluid
28
mucous contain lysozyme which is
an antibacterial enzyme
29
___________ create current that moves mucous toward pharynx
ciliated cells
30
the paranasal sinuses are located in
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
31
the paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity by
small openings
32
what does the paranasal sinus produce?
mucous that drains into nasal cavity
33
a function of the paranasal cavity is to
warm and moisten air
34
the pharynx connects
mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus
35
the pharynx is a common pathway for
food and air
36
name the 3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
37
the nasopharynx only serves as
air passage
38
what happens during swallowing?
the uvula closes off nasopharynx to prevent from entering the nasal cavity
39
where is the opening of the auditory tube (eustachian tube)?
nasopharynx
40
what kind of tissue can be found in the nasopharynx?
lymphatic tissue
41
where exactly is the lymphatic tissue located?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
42
the ____________ is continuous with the oral cavity
oropharynx
43
define fauces
the arched opening at the back of the mouth leading to pharynx
44
what type of cells is found in the oropharynx
more stratified squamous epithelium
45
why is there stratified squamous epithelium in the oropharynx?
to protect against friction damage caused by food
46
the lymphatic tissue of the oropharynx can be found in the
palatine tonsil
47
the main function of the oropharynx is
passage for air and food
48
the main function of the laryngopharynx is
passage for air and food
49
what kind of cells line the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
50
this lining continues until it reaches
the esophagus
51
the laryngopharynx is _______ the the epiglottis
posterior
52
the laryngopharynx is continuous with what?
the esophagus
53
the extension towards larynx is where
respiratory and digestive tracts diverge
54
how is the laryngopharynx run continuous with the esophagus?
when food enters, the air passage is blocked during swallowing
55
name the functions of the larynx
provide an open airway
direct air and food into proper channels
voice production
56
the larynx is made up of
9 cartilages
57
name the cartilages
```
thyroid (2 fused; laryngeal prominence)
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cuneiform (3 pairs)
corniculate cartilages (3 pairs)
epiglottis
```
58
the epiglottis extends from
tongue to anterior edge of thyroid cartilage
59
during swallowing, the epiglottis is pulled _________
superiorly
60
when the epiglottis is pulled superiorly, it covers
laryngeal inlet
61
the larynx leads to the
trachea
62
the glottis is a
laryngeal opening
63
the glottis is involved in what?
speech production
64
the glottis is made up of
vestibular folds
| vocal folds
65
the glottis is surrounded by
cuneiform and corniculate cartilage
66
the trachea descends from...
larynx into the mediastinum
67
the trachea divides into what?
2 primary bronchi
68
name the 3 layers of the tracheal wall.
mucosa
submucosa
adventia
69
the mucosa is covered in what kind of cells?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
70
why does it have cilia?
to propel particulate materials toward pharynx
71
the submucosa is a _________ layer
connective tissue
72
the submucosa contains _______ glands that help produce mucous
seromucous
73
the connective tissue is reinforced with what?
hyaline cartilage
74
what does the cartilage do?
prevents trachea from collapsing
75
the primary bronchi enters?
lungs
76
inside lung, the primary bronchi divides into
secondary bronchi
77
how many are on the right?
3
78
how many are on the left?
2
79
each secondary bronchi supplies ___ lung lobe
1
80
there are ____ orders of branching passageways
23
81
define bronchiole
air passage less than 1 mm
82
define terminal bronchiole
smallest bronchial
| less than 0.5 mm
83
define respiratory tree
collective term for the conduction network with the lungs
84
as you go further into bronchial tree, hyaline cartilage starts
to disappear
85
cartilage rings are replaced by
irregular plates of cartilage
86
they are ______ in bronchioles
absent
87
name the order that cells change into as the large tube gets smallers
pseudostratified columnar
columnar
cuboidal
no cilia or mucus producing cells at and below level of bronchioles
88
the amount of ___________ increases
smooth muscle
89
an increase in smooth muscle allows for
constriction
90
name the main components of the respiratory zone
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
91
alveolar ducts is made up of
smooth muscle, elastic and collagen fibers, alveoli
92
the alveolar ducts terminate into
clusters of alveoli
93
alveolar sacs are groups of
alveoli
94
alveoli are surrounded by
elastic fibers
95
adjacent alveoli are connected via
alveolar pores
96
what do the alveolar pores do
equalizes air pressure within lung
97
what does surfactant do
It reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli allowing alveoli to expand more readily during inspiration.
it breaks water tension so oxygen can move in
98
______________ cover external surface of alveoli
pulmonary capillaries
99
gas crosses readily by
simple diffusion
100
oxygen goes from alveolus to?
capillary
101
carbon dioxide goes
from capillary to alveolus
102
name the 2 types of cells found in alveoli
type I
| type II
103
Type I comprise the
alveolar wall
104
what kind of cells make up type I
simple squamous epithelium
105
Type II cells do what?
secrete surfactant
106
surfactant reduces what?
surface tension
107
which cavity can the lungs be found in?
thoracic cavity
108
each lung is suspended in its own...
pleural cavity
109
name the 4 parts of the lungs
root
apex
base
hilus
110
the root is where
bronchial and vascular attachments to mediastinum are
111
the apex is the
superior tips
112
the apex is _____ to clavicle
deep
113
what is the concave surface lying on top of diaphragm
base
114
what is the hilus?
indentation through which blood vessels enter and leave
115
what also enters through the hilus?
bronchi
116
which lung is the largest lung?
right
117
why is the right lung larger?
because most of the heart is on the left side of midline
118
how many lobes does right lung have?
3
119
the lobes of the right lung are separated by
horizontal and oblique fissures
120
how many lobes does the left lung have?
2
121
what are the lobes of the left lung separated by?
oblique fissure
122
there are ___ segments per lobe
10
123
the segments are divided by what?
connective tissue septa
124
each segment is serviced by what?
its own artery and vein and receives from an unique bronchus
125
what is a lobule?
subdivision of lung that is smaller than a segment
126
what is serviced to a lobule
a large bronchiole and its branches
127
name the 2 circulations of the lungs
pulmonary and bronchial
128
what does pulmonary circuit do?
delivers oxygen poor blood from heart and returns oxygen rich blood to heart
129
what does bronchial circuit do?
provide system blood to lung tissue
130
define pleura
the serous membrane investing the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural cavity
131
name the 2 layers of the pleura
parietal pleura
| visceral pleura
132
the parietal pleura covers what?
exterior surface
| lines thoracic wall and superior diaphragm
133
the visceral pleura covers what?
external surface of lung
134
what is the space between the layers fluid filled?
it permits membranes to slide during respiration and it prevents separation from wall of thorax
135
name the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation
inspiration
| expiration
136
expiration is
the relaxation of intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, this causes the diaphragm to relax
137
inspiration is
when muscles contract, causing expansion of thorax, elevating ribs and moving the sternum, the diaphragm contracts increasing the superior-inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity.
138
define atmospheric pressure
pressure exerted by gases around body
139
what is described relative to atmospheric pressure?
respiratory pressure
140
negative pressure indicates
pressure is lower relative to atmospheric pressure
141
positive pressure indicates
pressure is greater relative to atmospheric pressure
142
what is intrapulmonary pressure?
pressure within alveoli
143
what changes intrapulmonary pressure?
phases of breathing
144
ultimately ________ is equalized with atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
145
what is always negative relative to both intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures
intrapleural pressure
146
intrapleural pressure __________ with phases of breathin
fluctuates
147
the amount of pleural fluid must be
at a minimum to lose surface tension
148
name the 2 forces that pull lungs away from thorax wall
elasticity of lungs favor smallest dimension
| surface tension of alveolar fluid
149
what is the force that pulls lungs toward thorax wall?
elasticity of chest wall
150
forces pulling lungs away from thorax wall and the force that pulls lungs toward thorax wall result in
negative intrapleural pressure
151
define transpulmonary pressure
difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures
152
transpulmonary pressure does what?
keeps lungs from collapsing
153
the serous fluid will always be
more (always) negative than the outside environment
154
volume changes leads to
pressure changes
155
inspiration is a ______ process
active
156
inspiration depends on what?
decreasing pressure in lungs
157
how is inspiration achieved?
by increasing lung volume, the inspiratory muscles do this
158
name the inspiratory muscles
diaphragm
| external intercostal muscles
159
quiet inhalation occurs when the diaphragm
constricts (moves inferiorly and flattens)
160
when the diaphragm constricts, the volume
increases
161
what doe the external intercostal muscles do?
lift the rib cage and pull sternum forward
162
as a result, thoracic diameter increases...
laterally and anteroposteriorly
163
Also, the intrapulmonary volume _______ and pressure __________ during inhalation
increases
| decrease
164
when intrapulmonary volume increases and pressure decreases, air
rushes into lungs along pressure gradient
165
intrapleural pressure ___________ relative to atmospheric pressure
declines
166
as inhalation ends, intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are
equal
167
deep (forced) inhalation uses
accessory muscles to further increase thoracic volume
168
name the accessory muscles used
scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles of neck
pectoralis muscles of chest
erector spinae of back
169
expiration is a ______ process
passive
170
during expiration, the inspiratory muscles do what?
relax
171
during expiration the rib cage
descends
172
during expiration the lungs
recoil
173
during expiration, the intrapulmonary volume
decreases
174
in expiration, alveoli
compress
175
this allows the pressure to
rise within alveoli above atmospheric pressure
176
with the pressure rising, air
moves along pressure gradient out of lungs
177
during forced expiration, the abdominal wall muscles
contract
178
the contraction of the abdominal wall muscles allow
increase in abdominal cavity pressure
179
the increase in abdominal cavity pressure forces what?
abdominal organs superiorly against diaphragm
180
during forced expiration, the rib cage
depresses
181
name the other 2 muscles that can depress rib cage and decrease thoracic volume
internal intercostal muscles
| latissimus dorsi
182
name the 3 main factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
183
airway resistance is caused by
friction
184
resistance is determined by
diameters of conducting tubes
185
resistance does not contribute to what?
significantly to ventilation
186
there is no flow where friction is
greatest
187
in what kind of tubes is the flow greatest?
large
188
name the pathological constriction cause of airway resistance
asthma
189
describe surface tension
at liquid-gas boundaries, molecules of the liquid are more strongly attracted to each other than to the gaseous molecules
190
why are liquid molecules drawn together?
to reduce contact with dissimilar gas molecules
191
without surfactant, surface tension would cause
alveoli to collapse between breaths
192
name the benefits of surfactant
reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid
| less energy is needed to expand lungs
193
define lung compliance
measure of lung distensibility (expandability)
194
what does great compliance allow?
greater ease to expand
195
name the factors that affect lung compliance
elasticity of lung tissue and thoracic cage
| surface tension of alveoli
196
describe the factors that favor compliance
elasticity is high and surface tension is low
197
name the 4 factors that diminish compliance
reduced lung resilience
blocked respiratory passages
reduced production of surfactant
decreased thoracic cage flexibility
198
name the 4 types of respiratory volumes
tidal
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
residual volumes
199
define tidal volume
volume of air moving into lungs during quiet breathing
200
define inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume
201
define expiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be exhaled after a tidal volume
202
define residual volume
amount of air remaining after maximum voluntary expiration
203
residual volume is needed why?
to keep alveoli inflated
204
name the 4 respiratory capacities
inspiratory capacity
functional residual capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
205
define inspiratory capacity
amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration
| sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes
206
define functional residual capacity
sum of residual and expiratory reserve volume
207
define vital capacity
total amount of exchangeable air
| sum of total, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve
208
vital capacity makes up ____ of total lung capacity
80%
209
define total lung capacity
sum of all lung volumes
| sum of total, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volume
210
define anatomical dead space
air in conducting zone that never contributes to gas exchange in alveoli
is about 150 ml
211
define total ventilation
total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute
212
define forced vital capacity
maximum amount of gas forcibly expired following a deep breath
213
define dalton's law of partial pressure
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual pressures exerted by each gas
214
the sum of partial pressure is equal to
total pressure of gas mixture
215
direction of movement is dependent on
the partial pressure in the 2 phases
216
describe alveolar gas composition
more CO2 and H2O
| less O2 than atmosphere
217
this kind of difference reflects
gas exchange at lungs (CO2 out and O2 in)
218
during external respiration,
oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood
219
external respiration occurs across
the respiratory membrane
220
oxygen diffuses readily from
blood into tissue
221
carbon dioxide readily diffuses from
tissues into blood
222
name 3 factors affecting the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide
partial pressure gradients and gas solubility
structure of respiratory membrane
functional aspects
223
oxygen as a ______________ partial pressure gradient than carbon dioxide
steeper
224
the thickness of respiratory membrane affects
rate of diffusion
225
so in a pathological condition, exchange may be slowed by
thickening of the respiratory membrane
226
in healthy lungs, surface area is
immense
227
disease may do what to surface area in lungs?
reduce it
228
for gas exchange to be efficient...
perfusion of pulmonary capillaries must match alveolar conditions
229
if alveolar ventilation is inadequate, terminal arterioles...
constrict to redirect blood flow to more highly ventilated areas
230
if alveoli are maximally ventilated, pulmonary arterioles...
dilate to increase blood flow into the more highly ventilated area
231
brochiole diameter _______ CO2 levels
parallels
232
poor alveolar ventilation results in
low PO2 and high PCO2
233
low PO2 and high PCO2 causes
bronchioles dilate
| terminal arterioles constrict
234
increased alveolar ventilation results in
high PO2 and low PCO2
235
high PO2 and low PCO2 causes
bronchioles constrict
| terminal arterioles dilate
236
in internal respiration, oxygen
diffuses readily from blood into tissue and carbon dioxide readily diffuses from tissue into blood
237
what are the two ways oxygen is transported?
Hemoglobin
| dissolved in plasma
238
which is the primary mechanism of transporting oxygen though?
hemoglobin
239
define oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
oxygen bond to hemoglobin
240
define deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)
hemoglobin that has released its oxygen
241
what does it mean by "partially saturated" hemoglobin?
less than 4 hemoglobin hemes bound to oxygen
242
what does it mean by "fully saturated" hemoglobin?
all 4 hemoglobin hemes bound to oxygen
243
affinity _____ as oxygen is serially added to 4 hemoglobin polypeptide chains
increases
244
after initial oxygen molecule is bound, __________ is enhanced
infinity for oxygen
245
affinity decreases as oxygen...
is released by hemoglobin
246
name the 5 factors that affect shape and affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen
```
PO2
Temperature
Blood pH
PCO2
BPG
```
247
hemoglobin is more present in ___
lungs
248
arterial blood is __ saturated
98%
249
blood loses 25% of its oxygen in _______
capillary beds
250
with an increased in metabolic activity, oxygen is
more readily dissociated
251
nitrous oxide is a vaso________
dilator
252
_________ offsets the effect of NO
hemoglobin
253
define hypoxia
inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
254
anemic hypoxia results from a
reduced RBC number and an abnormal or reduced amount of hemoglobin
255
define ischemic hypoxia
impaired or blocked blood flow
256
congestive heart failure results from
body-wide ischemia
257
an embolism or thrombosis results from
local interruption in blood flow
258
what is it when you have histotoxic hypoxia
adequate delivery but tissues are unable to use oxygen because of metabolic toxins
259
define hypoxemic hypoxia
reduced arterial PO2
260
___ is more readily bound by heme than oxygen
CO
261
name the 3 forms CO2 can be transported in blodd
1. dissolved in plasma
2. bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
3. as bicarbonate ion in plasma
262
CO2 does not compete with oxygen when it binds to hemoglobin because
CO1 binds to globin part
263
most CO2 is converted to
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
264
the more CO2 there is in blood, the more bicarbonate, which means that blood has a
low pH
265
bicarbonate ion rapidly diffuses out of the RBCs into the plasma and carried to
lungs
266
what happens to bicarbonate ions in lungs?
converted bact to CO2 and enters RBCs and CO2 diffuses from blood into alveoli
267
The Medulla respiratory centers consists of
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
| Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
268
the DRG is a _____________________ center
pacesetting respiratory center
269
Neural activity in DRG activates...
intercostal muscles and diaphragm (inspiration)
270
Expiration is a ____ phase
passive
271
the VRG regulates
internal intercostals
| compresses rib cage
272
the VRG is responsible for a
forced expiration
273
what does the Pons respiratory center do?
inhibition of medulla
