Immune Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
describe nonspecific mechanisms of defense
A
does not distinguish between infective agents
2
Q
describe specific mechanisms of defense
A
responds specifically to particular infective agents
3
Q
describe an infective agent
A
anything that is not you that compromises you physiological function
4
Q
the skin and mucous membranes are ____ defense
A
nonspecific
5
Q
the skin and mucous membranes prevents…
A
entry and spread of microbes to internal spaces
physical barrier
6
Q
how does the skin and mucous membranes serve as a chemical barrier?
A
acidic bacterial flora antimicrobial proteins mucous or respiratory tract traps matter stomach acid has low pH that kills almost everything
7
Q
what kind of respiratory infection is uncommon?
A
lower respiratory infection
8
Q
microbes that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes encounter what?
A
amoeboid WBC
9
Q
name the 5 types of phagocytic cells
A
neutrophils monocytes macrophages eosinophils natural killer cells
10
Q
which kind of phagocytic cell is most common?
A
neutrophils
11
Q
where are neutrophils produced?
A
in red bone marrow
12
Q
neutrophils have a ______ to site of infection
A
chemo-attraction
13
Q
T/F neutrophils are destroyed during response
A
True
14
Q
T/F neutrophils are the last to arrive to the site
A
false
15
Q
what do monocyte primarily do?
A
enlarge and come macrophages
16
Q
what can macrophages do?
A
amoeboid cells that phagocytize microbes and cell debris
17
Q
T/F macrophages do not get destroyed
A
True
18
Q
where can macrophages be found?
A
wander or permanently reside in connective tissue or organs
19
Q
what is the primary immune contribution of eosinophils?
A
against parasitic worms
20
Q
what doe natural killer cells destroy?
A
host’s own cells, abnormal or infected with virus
21
Q
__________ is a response to tissue damage or entry by microorganism
A
inflammation
22
Q
what happens during vasodilation?
A
increases blood supply and allow WBC to travel to infected area and destroy any bacteria that may be there
23
Q
T/F dilated vessels are less permeable
A
False; they are more permeable
24
Q
the permeable vessels during vasodilation allow…
A
phagocytes to leave blood and enter tissue
25
___________ initiate inflammatory response
chemical signals
26
_________ is released from injured basophils and masts cells in connective tissue
histamines
27
what can histamines do?
cause vasodilation
28
what do prostaglandins do?
increase blood flow to injured tissue
29
describe local inflammation
response confined to a specific area of the body
30
local inflammation includes...
redness, heat, and swelling and pain because the chemical mediators act on pain receptors
31
phagocytic cells are attracted to damaged tissue by what?
chemical signal (chemokines)
32
what is released by leukocytes that cause fever
pyrogens
33
a fever can inhibit what?
bacterial growth and facilitate phagocytosis
34
what are antimicrobial proteins?
they are complement proteins that are a part of the innate response
35
what does the complement system result in?
cell lysis
36
in the complement system, proteins help split the C3 into....
C3a and C3b
37
the complement proteins are produced by the _________
liver
38
the complement proteins circulate in the body in its inactive form, then once it sees a pathogen what happens?
it becomes activated and attaches to it through a chain of activations of other complement proteins
39
C3b can lead to what?
opsonization
40
what happens during opsonization?
the complement proteins coat the pathogen which enhances phagocytosis
41
the C3a can lead to...
inflammation
42
inflammation stimulates?
histamine release
increased blood vessel permeability
chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
43
___________ are substances produced in response to virus-infected cells
interferons
44
regarding interferons, the infected cell ______ be saved
cannot
45
describe what happens once the infected cell produces an interferon
the interferons diffuse to neighboring cells to promote production of anti-viral proteins so that when a virus tries to infect the neighboring cell, viral replication is prevented
46
___________ is relatively dormant until your exposed to some pathogen
specific mechanisms of defense
47
define specficity
recognizes and eliminates particular microorganisms and foreign material that is foreign
48
during specific response, each lymphocyte only responds to...
one antigen
49
T/F specific response has self/nonself recognition
true
50
specific response has the ability to form memory, describe that.
ability to recognize previously encountered antigen
51
memory is based on what?
production of a clonal population of B cells during initial response
52
memory cells are _________ during primary response
not active
53
what activates memory cells?
antigens that have previously been encountered
54
____________- are the secondary immune response
new clones of effector and memory cells
55
why do we have memory cells if they are not directly involved in immune response?
they are held in reserve in order to activate a more rapid response
56
_____ cells are responsible for humoral response
B cells
57
____ cells are responsible for cell-mediated response
T cells
58
B cells are formed and mature in
bone marrow
59
T cells are formed in the
bone marrow
60
T cells mature in
thymus gland
61
what is an antigen?
a foreign substance that elicits a lymphatic response that is presented on the surface of bacteria or virus
62
______ is an antigen-binding immunoglobulin produced by B cells
antibody
63
________recognize and distinguishes antigens
antigen receptors
64
antigen receptors are present where?
plasma membranes of lymphcytes
65
antibodies function as ____ cells
effector
66
effector cells participate in...
immune response
67
specificity is determined during....
embryological development
68
when encountered in the body, antigens are bound by specific lymphocytes, which then...
divide and differentiate
69
what is created when the specific lymphocytes with bound antigens are separating?
clonal population of effector cells specific to that antigen and the second clonal population of memory cells
70
name the 2 types of immune responses
primary response
| secondary response
71
the primary response occurs during..
first exposure to antigen
72
the secondary response occurs when?
encounter a previously encountered antigen
73
T/F the secondary response has symptoms
false; no symptoms
74
which response is faster and prolonged and has more antibodies?
secondary response
75
lymphocytes do not develop antigen receptors against...
body's own molecules
76
what is self tolerance?
lack of destructive immune response to the body's own cells
77
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are
unique self markers
| glycoproteins embedded in plasma membranes of cells
78
________ MHC are on every nucleated cell
Class I MHC
79
Class II MHC are found only...
on specialized immune cells like macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells
80
Class II MHC can determine if
a cell has the appropriate MHCI
81
______ response is done if pathogen is found in body fluid
humoral response
82
the humoral response produces antibodies specific to....
toxins, free bacteria, and viruses present in body fluids
83
the antibodies of the humoral response are produced and secreted as...
soluble proteins that circulate in blood and lympth
84
the cell mediated immune response requires...
T cells
85
what is the response to intracellular infection by virus, bacteria, etc
cell mediated response
86
activated helper T cells secrete....
cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes
87
helper T cells can differentiate into...
activated helper T cells and Memory helper T cells
88
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are cells that
take up antigens and present them to their surface
89
B cells and macrophages ____ foreign material
engulf
90
__________ bind foreign material and convey it to the outside of the APC
Class II MHC
91
describe the main process of the cell mediated response
infected cells display antigens complexed with Class I MHC's
cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to antigen-MHC complex
Cytotoxic T cells releases perforin which lesions infected cell
infected cell undergoes lysis and dies
pathogen may be destroyed or released to be attacked by antibodies
cytotoxic T cell continues to live and may kill other cells with antigen-MHC complex
92
define cytokines
are soluble chemicals that will attract other immune cells to site of infection
93
describe the main process of humoral response
we have a pathogen in the fluid
naive B cells is covered with antigen receptors and encounters a antigen
the naive B cells are activated
clonal division to become plasma cells and memory cells
plasma cells produce antibodies
94
B cells can't make memory cells unless...
they have been activated by T cell
95
T dependent antigens evoke cooperative responses with...
macrophages, helper T cells, and B cells
96
T/F with T dependent antigens, memory cells are produced
true
97
T-independent antigens are antigens that trigger
humoral response without macrophages or T cells
98
T independent antigens stimulate what directly?
B cells
99
T/F with T-independent antigens, memory cells are produced
False; they are not produced
100
name the 3 main parts of an antibody
antigen-bound site
complement binding site
macrophage binding site
101
antibodies are specialized proteins known as _______
immunoglobulins
102
name the 5 main types of Igs
```
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE
```
103
IgM is responsible for
circulating, appear during initial response
104
IgG is for
cross blood vessels, protect against bacteria, viruses, and toxins in blood, trigger complement system
105
IgA is for
in mucous membrane, prevent attachment of bacteria and viruses to epithelial surfaces also in tears, saliva, and perspiration
106
IgD is for
found in external membranes of B cells, initiates B cell differentiation
107
IgE is for
attaches to receptors on mast cells and basophils, stimulates releases of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic reaction
108
T/F antibodies directly destroy antigenic pathogen
false, they do not
109
so what do antibodies actually do?
they tag the pathogen and other mechanisms destroy it
110
what is neutralization
blocks viral attachment sites by coating it
111
what is opsonization
bound antibodies tag it to enhance macrophage attachment to it and phagocytosis of microbe
112
what is agglutination
cross linking of antibodies between adjacent antigens that creates a complex to makes it easier for phagocytes to kill
113
what is precipitation
cross-link soluble antigen molecules instead of cells
114
what is complement fixation
antibodies combine with complement system
115
define active immunity
conferred by recovery from a infectious disease
116
define passive immunity
transfer of antibodies from one individual to another
117
define natural active immunity
antigen enters body naturally and body induces antibodies
118
define naturally passive immunity
antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via breast milk
119
define artificially active immunity
antigens are introduced in vaccines and body produces antibodies
120
define artificially passive immunity
performed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by serum
121
define allergies
hypersensitivity of the body's defenses to an environmental antigen
122
________ is an acute allergic reaction
anaphylactic shock
123
what happens during anaphylactic shock
mast cell degranulation causes a sudden dilation of peripheral blood vessels and then there is a decrease in blood pressure
124
name 5 autoimmune diseases
```
lupus erythematosus
rheumatoid arthritis
insulin-dependent diabetes
multiple sclerosis
Grave's disease
```
125
immunodeficiency diseases are characterized by
deficient humoral or cell-mediated immune defenses
126
people with AIDS are susceptible to
opportunistic diseases
127
viral entry of HIV is dependent on...
CD4 receptor
