body balance?

Question 1

how is eater balanced

Answer 1

water in digestive tract, to blood stream, move to tisuse fluid move to lymph move to bloodstream again

Question 2

dehydraiton leads to what

Answer 2

redeuced bp
renin
angiostensin II (bp) stim hypothalamic osmopreetors

Question 3

increse blood osmolarity (dehydration) leads to

Answer 3

stim hypothalamic osmorecpt
reduced salivation (dry mouth)

Question 4

short term inhibition of thirst

Answer 4

cools
distends stomach and intestines

Question 5

long term inhibition of thirst

Answer 5

rehydrate blood

Question 6

thirst

Answer 6

helps govern food intake
adh release
dry mouth

Question 7

hypovolemia

Answer 7

reduced body water
isotonic osmo

Question 8

dehydration

Answer 8

reduced body water
hypertonic
idk from like heart failure

Question 9

hypotonic hydration

Answer 9

high body water
hypotonic

Question 10

electrolyte in blood

Answer 10

hi na and cl

Question 11

electrolyte in intracell fluid

Answer 11

hi k an dp

Question 12

Homeostasis
Adult needs about of sodium per day

Answer 12

0.5 g

Question 13

Aldosterone:

Answer 13

“salt-retaining hormone”

Question 14

Antidiuretic Hormone:

Answer 14

retains water

Question 15

Natriuretic peptides:

Answer 15

Excretes sodium

Question 16

Estrogen:

Answer 16

mimic aldosterone

Question 17

Progesterone:

Answer 17

reduces sodium reabsorption

Question 18

Hypernatremia

Answer 18

– plasma concentrations > 145 mEq/L
water retention
hyeprtenion
edema

Question 19

Hyponatremia

Answer 19

– plasma concentrations < 130 mEq/L
hypotonic hydration
ECF is hypotonic

Question 20

hyponatremia causes

Answer 20

sweating hella and pissing

Question 21

most dangerous type of elevrolyte imbalence

Answer 21

k, or potassium
closly related to NA homeostais
90% of it reabsorbed by PCT
aldosterone

Question 22

Hyperkalemia

Answer 22

– plasma concentrations > 5.5 mEq/L

Question 23

hyperkalemia cuases

Answer 23

Quick rise –
* Crush injury
* Capital punishment
Slow onset
* Acidosis
* Aldosterone hyposecretion

Question 24

hyperkalemia effects

Answer 24

Makes nerve and muscle cells
abnormally excitable due to diffusion of
K+ out of the cell decreasing
* Can lead to cardiac arres
Inactivates voltage-gated Na+
channels
* Less excitable can be more too ig

Question 25

hypokalemia causes

Answer 25

* Sweating * Chronic vomiting * Diarrhea

Question 26

hypokalemia effect

Answer 26

Hyperpolarizes resting membrane potential * Less excitable

Question 27

Hypokalemia

Answer 27

– plasma concentrations < 3.5 mEq/L

Question 28

Calsequestrin:

Answer 28

binds calcium to keep it unreactive

Question 29

Hypercalcemia

Answer 29

– plasma concentrations > 5.8 mEq/L should be outside cell

Question 30

hypercalcemia causes

Answer 30

* Alkalosis * Hyperparathyroidism * Hyperthyroidism

Question 31

hypercalcemia effect

Answer 31

* Reduces membrane Na+ permeability * Inhibits depolarization * >12 mEq/L – muscle weakness, depressed reflexes, cardiac arrhythmias

Question 32

hypocalcemia casues

Answer 32

* Vitamin D deficiency * Diarrhea * Pregnancy * Acidosis * Hypoparathyroidism * Hypothyroidism

Question 33

hypocal effect

Answer 33

increases membrane Na+ permeability * Overly excitable cells * < 6 mg/dL – tetany * < 4mg/dL – lethal due to laryngospasm

Question 34

magnesium absorption regulated by

Answer 34

vitamin d lost in poopoo ascedning limb reabsorbtions

Question 35

hypermagnes Cause

Answer 35

* Renal insufficiency

Question 36

hypermagnes effect

Answer 36

* Sedative effect * Lethargy and weakness * Hypotension * Respiratory depression * Diastolic cardiac arrest

Question 37

hypo magnes cause

Answer 37

Cause * Intestinal malabsorption * Vomiting * Diarrhea * Renal disease

Question 38

Effect

Answer 38

* Hyperirritability of nervous and muscular systems * Spasms * Tetanus * Tachycardia

Question 39

chemical buffers

Answer 39

1. Bicarbonate buffer system— CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3− + H+ 2. Phosphate buffer system— H2PO4− ↔ HPO42− + H+ 3. Protein buffer system

Question 40

physiological buffers

Answer 40

1. Respiratory System CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3− + H+ – Increased CO2 and decreased pH stimulate pulmonary ventilation, while an increased pH inhibits pulmonary ventilation 2. Urinary System

Question 41

Acidosis

Answer 41

– pH of ECF below 7.35 – Leads to hyperkalemia * Disorientation and coma

Question 42

Alkalosis

Answer 42

– pH above 7.45 – Leads to hypokalemia * Convulsions and respiratory paralysis