ch 13?? Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
average adult blood volume
A
around 7 L
2
Q
Arterial blood
A
leaves heart
bright red,
oxygenated
3
Q
Venous blood
A
– enters heart;
dark red,
deoxygenated
4
Q
plasma
A
liquid portion of blood
5
Q
plasma contains
A
water, proteins, antibodies, nutrients, gases, electrolytes, wastes products
6
Q
plasma protein types
A
Albumins
Globulins (antibodies)
Fibrinogen
7
Q
viscosity
A
resistance of fluid to flow
8
Q
whole blood is how many times thicker than water
A
4.5-5.5x
9
Q
plasma is how many times thicker than water
A
2x
10
Q
blood osmolarity
A
total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass thru blood vessel wall
11
Q
if blood osmolarity is high what happens with blood pressure
A
blood absorbs too much water, increase BP
12
Q
if blood osmolarity is too low, what happens to blood pressure
A
too much water in tissue
BP drops
edema
13
Q
Erythrocytes function (2)
A
carry o2 from lungs to cell tissue
pick up o2 from tissue and bring to lungs
14
Q
when does arterial blood not have as much blood
A
going to the lungs
15
Q
when does venous blood not have a lot of oxygen
A
coming from the lungs
16
Q
hematocrit
A
percentage of blood that is red blood cells
17
Q
normal blood comp
A
45% formed elements and 55% plasma
18
Q
buffy coat contains
A
white blood cells and platlets
only 1% of blood
19
Q
Albumins
A
most common
contribute to collid osmotic pressure (pulling water in and out of the blood)
carier protein
20
Q
globulins
A
antibodies
21
Q
fibrinogen
A
clotting factor
22
Q
as red blood cells increase, what happens to viscosity
A
it also increases
23
Q
increase viscoity can lead to
A
heart attacks and strokes
24
Q
colloid osmotic pressure
A
300 ml osmoles per liter
the pressure exerted by proteins in blood vessels that pulls fluid back into the capillaries
25
red blood cells dont have
organelles and like mitochondria and like nucelous n stuff
good for increases surface area
26
are red blood cells aerobic or anarobic
anarobic
cant use the oxygen
27
hemoglobin what makes it up
4 globular proteins
- 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
and a hemme
28
hemme
prosthetic group
has an iron to bind one o2
29
1 hemeaglobin can bind how many oxy
3
30
how is iron absorbed in stomach
converts 3 to 2 and then gastroferritin take its to small intestine
31
transferrin
binds iron in blood plasma and releases some iron oin liver
32
apoferritin
binds to iron in the liver to be stored as ferritin
33
how red blood cells are made
liver and kidneys sense bad o2 transport,
secreted erythropoietin
stim red bone marrow
make the RBC
34
where do dead RBC get broken up
liver and spleen
35
what does globin get broken down into
hydrolyzed to free amino acids
36
what does heme get broken down into
iron (can store or reuse), bile (feces)
37
Hemostasis:
cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is
damaged
38
when RBC is damged, what is exposed
collagen fibers,
39
exposure of RBC fiber due to damage results in
vascular spasm/vasoconstriction
formation of platelet plug
coagulation
40
Intact endothelium secretes
prostacyclin (PGI2)
and nitric oxide
CD39
41
prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric
oxide, cause:
* Cause vasodilation
* Inhibit platelet aggregation (no rando clotting)
42
CD39 function
breaks down ADP into
AMP and Pi to inhibit further platelet aggregation (clotting)
43
damaged RBC exposes collagen which leads to this chain of events
glycoprotein on platelet bind to collagen
VWF hold it there
platelet recruit more to create a plug
activated platelets also activate clotting factors
44
how do platelets form a plug
by releasing
a) ADP (sticky platelets)
b) Serotonin (vasoconstriction)
c) Thromboxane A2 (sticky platelets and
vasoconstriction)
45
Clotting factors:
Formation of
fibrin from fibrinogen
46
intrinsic blood clotting pathway
exposure to collagen
* Cascade of other blood factors.
* Amplifies the extrinsic
pathway.
47
extrinsic pathway to blood clots
Initiated by tissue
thromboplastin (factor III). This
is a more direct, shorter
pathway.
48
common pathway end goal is to
fibrinogen to fibrin to fibrin polymer
49
what factor dose extrinsic pathway start at
VII
50
what factor does intrinsic pathway start at
XII
51
what kind of feedback is blood clotting
positive
52
Pulmonary circuit
- Blood flows from right side of
heart to lungs
- Gas exchange in lungs
* O2 loaded into blood
53
Systemic circuit
- Blood flows from left side of
heart to all body organs
- Gas exchange in organs
* O2 unloaded from blood
54
right atrium
get deoxygen blood form body
55
left atrium
gets oxygenated blood from lungs
56
right ventricle
pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
57
left ventricle
pump oxygenated blood to the body
58
Atrioventricular (AV)
valves:
between the atria
and the ventricles
59
Tricuspid where
between right
atrium and ventricle
60
Bicuspid or mitral where
between left atrium and
ventricle
61
Semilunar valves: where
between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart
62
Pulmonary: where
between
right ventricle and
pulmonary trunk
63
aortic valve where
between left ventricle and aorta
64
Depolarization leads to
Systole
contraction
65
Repolarization leads to
Diastole
relaxation
66
HCN (hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide)
channels open in response to hyperpolarization
67
how does shit start
na leaks into cardiocyte to reach -40mv threshold (resting 60 mv)
then k opens for repolarization
68
myocardial action potential
threshold met by AP form pacemaker
fast sodium channel open
swtiches from depolar to repolar
plateau phase- slow ca channels open, k leaks out
k channel open
69
sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart
70
atrioventricular node
electrical gateway to the ventricles
71
where is the atrioventricular node
near interatrial septum tricuspid valve
72
where is the sinoatrial node
near opening of superior vena cava in right atrium
73
atrioventricular bundle
run inferiorly thru the interventricular septum
splits into right and left brancehs
74
purkinje fiber
nerve like process that run superiorly thru the ventricular myocardium
75
EKG measures
potential difference of eletrical activity of ehart
76
p wave indicates
atria contracting
when half the cells are depolarized
77
ORS segment corresponds ot
ventricles contract
78
Einthoven’s Triangle
wire on right arm, left arm, and left leg to mearue potential diff of heart
79
unipolar lead
measures potential diff of heart
80
Sinus rhythm
– Normal heartbeat triggered by
the SA node
81
Vagal tone
– PSNS – 70-80 bpm
82
Ectopic focus
– Region of spontaneous firing
other than the SA node like bundle
like from stress, lack of sleep (oops)
83
Arrhythmia
– Any deviation from the regular,
SA node-driven sinus rhythm
84
first deree
impulse conduction exceeds .2 seconds
85
second degree
not every electrical wave
can pass to ventricles
skip beat,
no QRS complex
86
Third
degree/complete:
Little stimulation through.
pacemaker in the
Purkinje fibers takes
over
slow
20-40 bpm
87
atrial fibrillation
electrical activity in atria is fucked
atria off the beat
88
premature ventricular contraction is bc
ventricular ectopic focus
little dip down ig
89
nodal rhythm bc
SA node damaged
90
St elevation hb caused by
early repolarization
STEMI
91
group 1 arrhythmia drugs
drugs that block the fast Na+ channels (quinidine,
procainamide, lidocaine)
92
group 2 drug
beta blockers
93
group 3 drug
block k channels
94
group 4 drug
block the slow ca channels
95
End-diastolic volume (EDV) –
Volume the end of ventricular
filling - 130 m
96
Stroke volume (SV)
– Volume of blood ejected (70 mL)
97
End-systolic volume (ESV) –
Volume at end of ventricular
ejection (60 mL
98
Cardiac output (CO)
– Amount of blood ejected per minute (4-6 L)
99
cardiac output formula
Hr x SV = CO
100
tachycardia
resting rate is fast asf
over 100 bpm
101
bradycardia
resting rate is slow
under 60bpm
102
positive chronotropic agents
increase heart rate
103
negative chronotropic agents
decrease heart rate
104
what bpm do you get a pacemaker
less than 40 bpm
105
cardiac centers where
formation of the medulla oblongata
106
Cardiostimulatory effect
sympathetic work to speed it up
107
Cardioinhibitory effect
parasympathetic works to slow down
108
Chronotropic Effects of the
Sympathetic Nervous System
start by binding to what receptor
beta adrenergic receptors
109
Chronotropic Effects start by binding to what
muscarinic receptors
110
what else can bind to beta adrenergic receptors to increase HR
adrenal epi/norepi
nicotine
beta blocker
thyroid hormone
111
hyperkalemia effect on repolarization
inhibits,
112
hypercalcemia effect on Hr
decrease
113
hypercalcemia effect on hR
increase
114
Preload
amount of tension in ventricular
myocardium before contraction
115
Contractility
—how hard the myocardium contracts for a given preload
116
what increases stroke volume
increased EDV
increased contractility
low afterload/resistance
117
Afterload
(peripheral resistance)—the forces a ventricle must overcome to eject blood
118
Frank–Starling law
stroke volume is correlated with end diastolic volume
119
The more the
ventricles are
stretched, the
more they
contract
120
Positive inotropic agents –
Increase contractility
Ca
caffine
glycogen
121
Negative inotropic agent –
Decrease contractility
acidosis
hypoxia
122
