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physio > ch 16 > Flashcards

ch 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

function of resp system

A

respiration
gas exhange
comminication
olfaction
acid base balance

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2
Q

conducting zone

A

most air
birng air to lungs
trachea
bronchus

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3
Q

respiratory zones

A

alvioli for gas exhange

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4
Q

Squamous (type I) alveolar
cells

A

Simple squamous epithelium
flat n stuff, good for gas passing thru

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5
Q

Great (type II) alveolar cells

A
  • Produce pulmonary surfactant (more sure nothing disrupt water bond) keep avioli open
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6
Q

Alveolar macrophages (dust
cells)

A
  • Clean the lungs
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7
Q

typical respiratory membrane made of

A

1.Squamous alveolar cells
2.Shared basement membrane
3.Endothelium of capillary

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8
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines the thoracic wall

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9
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs.

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10
Q

intrapleural
space

A

The parietal and visceral
pleura are normally
pushed together, with a
potential space between
called the

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11
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At a constant temperature,
volume of a gas is inversely
proportional to pressure
p1v1=p2v2

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12
Q

Atmospheric pressure:

A

pressure of air outside the body,
760 mm Hg at sea level

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13
Q

Intrapulmonary or intra-alveolar pressure:

A

pressure in the
lungs

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14
Q

Intrapleural pressure:

A

pressure within the intrapleural
space (between parietal and visceral pleura); contains a
thin layer of fluid to serve as a lubricant

thoracic wall expands while lungs try to collapse (neg)

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15
Q

Transpulmonary or transmural pressure:

A

pressure
difference across the wall of the lung

pos pressure, press lungs against thoracic wall

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16
Q

Inspiration pressure (inhalation):

A

Intrapulmonary pressure
is lower than atmospheric pressure
Around −1cmH2O (air move in)

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17
Q

subatmospheric or negative pressure

A

Pressure below that of the atmosphere

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18
Q

Expiration pressure (exhalation):

A

Intrapulmonary pressure
is greater than atmospheric pressure.
Around +1cmH2O (air move out)

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19
Q

Quiet Inspiration

A

– Flatten diaphragm and elevate thoracic cage to
increase thoracic volume

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20
Q

Forced Inspiration -

A

Greatly increase thoracic volume

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21
Q

Quiet Expiration

A

– Passive process, muscles relax and lungs recoil
no energy needed

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22
Q

Forced Expiration

A

– Increases abdominal pressure
* Valsalva Maneuver (forced expire again closed shit)

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23
Q

at rest intrapulonary p and intrapleural p

A

pulm- same as atmo
pleural- -5

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24
Q

inspiration intrapulonary p and intrapleural p

A

pulm -1
plerual -8

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25
expiration intrapulonary p and intrapleural p
pulm +1 plerual -5
26
Bronchodilation—
* Epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation increase airflow?
27
Bronchoconstriction caused by
* Histamine, parasympathetic nerves, cold air, and chemical irritants * Anaphylactic shock and asthma will decrease
28
Pulmonary compliance:
ease with which the lungs can expand Change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure ΔV/Δ
29
Elasticity:
Lungs return to initial size after being stretched (recoil
30
how can lung be stretchy
Lungs have lots of elastin fibers
31
why are lung always under elastic tension
stuck to thoracic wall
32
Tension increases during - and is reduced by -
inspiration elastic recoil during expiration
33
Surfactant
* Amphiphilic liquid of phospholipids and hydrophobic protein * Reduces surface tension bn water molecules by reducing the number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules * Prevents collapse of an alveolus
34
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
* Premature babies * Lack surfactant
35
ventilation perfusion coupling
you want this to match to be efficient usually .8
36
when theres too little oxy, what happens
vasoconstriction
37
what happens when there hella oxy
vasodilation, increased ventilation
38
response to reduced perfusion
decrease blood flow constriction of bronchioles decrease airflow
39
response to increased perfusion
increased blood flow incresed air flow dilation of bronch
40
Dalton's Law
Total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases
41
atmospheric pressure at sea level
760 mm
42
why will gas diffuse into blood
erm pressure gradients
43
Henry's Law
At the air–water interface, for a given temperature, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water & its partial pressure in air
44
Oxygen transport by what
* 98.5% bound to hemoglobin- bc something with bonds idk * 1.5% dissolved in plasma
45
Carbon dioxide transport how
* 90% of CO2 is hydrated to form carbonic acid * CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+ * Then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions * 5% is bound to proteins * 5% is dissolved in plasm
46
Hemoglobin
—molecule specialized for oxygen transport
47
* Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
—O2 bound to hemoglobin
48
* Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb)—
hemoglobin with no O
49
oxygen bound to hemoglobin wiht increase with
partial pressure
50
where is hemoglobin fully saturated
in arteries
51
what percent of oxy in saturated in veins
75% ish
52
for 100 ml of blood, how much o2
20%? girl idk
53
what effects oxygen absorption curve
temperature (at higher temps, easier to unload oxy) pH (low pH, easier to unload)
54
bohr effect
when ph decreases, its easier to unload oxygen
55
Voluntary breathing controlled by
motor cortex of frontal lobe of the cerebrum
56
Breaking point:
when CO2 levels rise to a point where automatic controls override one’s will
57
Involuntary breathing controlled form
from respiratory control centers of the medulla oblongata and pons
58
what controls breathing
Motor neurons form brainstem to diaphragm (phrenic n.) and other respiratory muscles
59
pontine respiratory center
smooths the respiratory pattern
60
ventral respiratory group
rythem generator and intergrator
61
dorsal respiratory group
takes in sensory info to adjust breathing rate
62
chemorecpetros in body
Monitor pH, PCO2 and PO2 of CSF and blood
63
Central chemoreceptors in
the medulla oblongata
64
Peripheral chemoreceptors in
carotid and aortic arteries
65
Eupnea breathing
—relaxed, quiet breathing * Characterized by tidal volume 500 mL and the respiratory rate of 12 to 15 bpm
66
Apnea
—temporary cessation of breathing
67
with increase co2 what happens to ph
decreases bc theres more h+ ions n stuff
68
Dyspnea
—labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
69
Hyperpnea
—increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions
70
Hyperventilation
—increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
71
Hypoventilation
—reduced pulmonary ventilation leading to an increase in blood co2
72
Kussmaul respiration
—deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis
73
Respiratory arrest
—permanent cessation of breathing
73
Orthopnea
—dyspnea that occurs when person is lying down
74
Tachypnea
—accelerated respiration
75
what does the rate and depth of breathing maintain
ph-7.4 pco2-40 mmhg po2- mmhg
76
Acidosis
—blood pH lower than 7.35
77
Alkalosis
—blood pH higher than 7.45
78
Hypocapnia
— less than 37 mmHg (normal 37 to 43 mmHg) * Most common cause of alkalosis too basic
79
Hypercapnia
— greater than 43 mmHg * Most common cause of acidosis too acidic
80
Direct effects of Co2
* increased CO2 at beginning of exercise may directly stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and trigger increased ventilation more quickly than central chemoreceptors
81
Chronic hypoxemia,
PO2 less than 60 mm Hg, can significantly stimulate ventilation
82
Hypoxic drive:
respiration driven more by low PO2 than by CO2 or pH
83
Hypoxia
—a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen
84
Hypoxemic hypoxia
—state of low arterial
85
Ischemic hypoxia
—inadequate circulation of blood
86
Anemic hypoxia
-Due to anemia resulting in the inability to blood to carry adequate oxygen

physio (21 decks)

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