ch 11 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
steroid hormones derived from
A
cholesterol
2
Q
momoamine/amines derived
A
derived from tyrosine and trytophan
3
Q
peptides
A
protein and polypeptide hormones
4
Q
protein chain ammount
A
more than 100 amino acids
5
Q
polypeptide amino acid length
A
less than 100 aminos
6
Q
glycoproteins
A
protein bound to carbohydrate
can act as a hormone
7
Q
steroid hormone pathway
A
started with cholesterol to
progesterone
bruh idk finish later
8
Q
preprohormone
A
newly synthesized inactive hormone
9
Q
prohormone
A
modifed preprohormone by the ER
10
Q
prehorhome
A
inactive untill chem modified in target cell
11
Q
hydrophilic hormones
A
manoamines
peptides
glycoprotine
can travel in blood
12
Q
hydrophobic hormones
A
steroids
tyroid
melatonin
13
Q
hormones will only bind to
A
its very specific receptor
14
Q
hydrophilic traveling
A
secreted by exocytosis and travel blood stream
15
Q
hydrophobic traveling
A
diffused into blood and binds to carrier proteins to travel
16
Q
free protien
A
rano hydrophobic hormone traveling in blood
17
Q
extracell receptors
A
bind hydrophilic hormones that cant cross plasma membrane
has a second messenger
18
Q
intracell receptors
A
bind hydrophobic hormones that can cross plasma membrane
19
Q
extracell receptors use
A
second messenger
20
Q
intracell receptors translocate to
A
nucleus
21
Q
up regulation means
A
increase number of receptors
sensitivity increased
22
Q
down regulation means
A
reduce number of receptors
less sensitive
23
Q
why does down regulation occur
A
long term exposure to high hormone concentration
24
Q
mech of steroid hormone action
A
1- disassociate from carrier protein
2 enter cell
3. bind to receptor in cytosol
4.translocates to nucleus
5. binds to dna in nucelus
6. turns into mrna
7. then make protein
8. protien effect cell activity
25
steroid hormone need what kind of receptor
two
homodimer
the hormones receptors are identical tho
26
mech of thyroid hormone action
1 get carried in the blood
2. diffuse into membrane
3. will turn into t3 and bind to another carrier in cyto
4. get carried to nucleus
5. binds to receptor and shit get transcribed n stuff
6. effect
27
t4 hormone vs t3
4 iodine molecules vx three iodine molecule
28
thyroid hormone receptor
two different ones- heterodimer
one will bind hormone other will bind something retinoic acid
29
mech of second messenger action cAMP
hormone binds receptor
g unit kick off and bind ot adenylate cylase
AC turns ATP into cAMP
cAMP kicks off protein kinase and shit gets active
30
mech of second messenger action phospholipase c-ca system
receptor binds
g protein get kicked off
g protein attaches to phsophilapse c kicks off IP3
IP3 binds to endoplas retic
endo retic releases calcium
31
tyrosine kinase system
a two receptor system that will bind insulin and phosporylate atp into adp
brings glucose into cells
32
what organs take up hormones
liver and kidney
33
metabolic clarence rate (MCR)
rate of hormone removal from blood plasma
34
half life
time to clear 50% of a substance
35
autophosphorlyation in tyrosine system occurs when
insulin binds
36
adenohypophysis
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
37
hypophyseal portal system
blood vessel connection to hypothalamus
38
what can travel thru portal system besides blood
releasing hormones and stuff yea
39
follicle stim hormone (FSH)
peptide
targets gonads
40
gonaotropic hormones from
anterior lobe of pituitary gland
41
FSH actions
action- stim secretion of ovarian estrogen from granulosia cells
develop ovarian follicules
sperm production from sustentacualr cells of testes
androgen binding protein
42
luteinizing hormones- LH
peptide
gonads
43
LH actions
stim ovulation
stim corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
in men- stim interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
44
thyroid stim hormone- tsh
peptide
target thyroid
45
tsh action
stim secretion of thyroid hormone
46
adrenocorticotropic hormone- acth
peptide
target adrenal cortex
47
acth action
stim secretion of glucocorticoids
like cortosal
48
prolaction- prl
peptide
target mammary gland
49
prl action
stim mammary glands to make milk
for men- increases sensitivity to Lutenizing hormone
50
growth hormone- gh
peptide
targets liver bone cartilage, muscle, fat
51
gh action
stim mitosis, protein synthesis, cell differentiation
52
ant pituitary gland hormones include
growth
prolaction
adrenocorticotropic
lutienizing
follicle stim
tyroid
53
thyrotropin release hormone- trh
peptide
target anterior lobe of pituitary gland
54
trh action
stim release of TSH and prolactin
55
corticotropin releasing hormone- crh
peptide
targets anterior lobe of pit gland
56
crh action
stim release of ACTH
57
gonadotropin releasing hormone0 gnrh
peptide
target anterior lobe of pit
58
gnrh action
stim release of FSH and LH
59
growth hormone releasing hormone ghrh
peptide
target anterior lobe
60
ghrh action
stim release of GH
61
prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH
peptide
target anterior pit lobe
62
PIH action
inhinbit release of prolactin
63
somatostatin
peptide
target anterior pit lobe
64
somatostatin action
inhibits release of GH and TSH
65
neurohypophysis
posterior lobe of pit gland
66
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
neurons axon from the hypothalamus
67
neuroendocrine reflex
stim neurons will cause release of hormones
68
antidiuretic hormone- adh
peptide
target kidneys
69
ADH action
increase water retention by upping expression of aquaporins
causes vasoconstriction (increase blood pressure)
70
oxytocin
peptide
target uterus, glands, penis
71
oxytocin action
feeling sexual satisfaction/closeness
stim labor contractions
stim release of milk from BOOOOOBIEEES
72
melatonin
monoamine
target brain
73
melatonin action
circadian rhythms
timing of puberty
74
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal depression basically bc not enough light to inhibit secretion of melatonin
hella melatonin yea yea yea
75
thyroid hormone
class- monoamine
tagret- most tissues
76
thyroid hormone action
increase metabolism
increase appetites
increase alertness
increase heat
77
thyroid hormone produced and stored by
folicular cell
78
goiters are and what are they caused by
iodine defincientcy
enlarged thyriod
79
hypothyroidism symptoms
impaired growth
lethargy, more sleep
dry skin
no sweating
slow pulse
constipated
slow reflexes
depressed
low plasma t levels
80
hyperthyroidism symptoms
fast growth
decreased sleep
intolderence to heat
lotta sweat
fast pulse
hella shits
rapid reflexs
nervous
increased plasma levels
81
calcitonin
peptide
targets bone
82
thyroid gland hormones
calcitonin
thyroid
83
parathyroid hormone
peptide
targets kidneys, small intestines
84
Thymopoietin, Thymosin,
Thymulin
* Class - Peptide
* Target – T lymphocytes
85
aldosterone
* Class - Steroid
* Mineralocorticoid
* Target - Kidneys
86
cortisol
Class - Steroid
* Glucocorticoid
* Target – Most tissues
87
stage 1 of cortisol stuff
alarm
Prepares body for fight or flight
* Stored glycogen is consumed
* Increases aldosterone and angiotensin levels to raise blood pressure
88
stage 2 of
resistance
* Provide alternate fuels for metabolism
* Stage dominated by cortisol
* Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-
releasing hormone (CRH)
* Pituitary secretes ACT
89
stage 3
exhaustion
homeostasis is overwhelmed
protein breakdown/ muscle wasting
water retention
hypertension
can lead to death
90
what promotes water retention and hypertension
aldosterone
91
androgen
* Class - Steroid
* Sex Steroid
* Target – Bone, muscle,
integument, brain
92
estradiol
* Class - Steroid
* Sex Steroid
* Target – Many tissues
93
testosterone
steroid
targets many tissues
94
inhibin
peptide
targets anterior lobe of pit gland
95
LH and FSH effect on testes
stimulate spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion
96
Testosterone and inhibin effect on hypothalamus
inhibit GnRH
97
Testosterone and inhibin effect on pituitary
inhibits LH and FSH
98
estradiol
steroid
targets many tissues
99
progesterone
steroid
targets uterus, mammary glands
100
glucagon
cell class target
alpha
peptide
targets the liver
101
insulin
cell- beta
peptide
targets most tissue
102
somatostatin
cells
class
target
delta
peptide
targets stomach intestines, pancreas
103
diabetes diagnosis criteria fasting and random
fasting glucose over 125
random over 200
104
diabetes diagnosis criteria 2 hour
bigger than 200 during an oral glucose tolerance test with
a loading dose of 75 gm
105
pre diabetic diagnosis
fasting, 2 hour, HbA1c
fasting glucsoe bn 100-125
140-199 durring oral glucose test
HbA1C bn 5.7 and 6.4
106
calcitonin action
increase calcium deposition
build osteoblast (build up)
decrease osteoclast (break down)
decrease blood calcium levels if too high?
107
what makes calcitonin
parafolicular cell of thyroid
108
parathyroid hormone action
raise blood calcium levels
decrease osteoblast activity (build up)
increase osteoblast activity (break down)
109
increased blood calcium neg feed bac what
parathyroid hormone, and thyroid in general
110
thymus hormone actions
thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin
development of t lympocytes
111
mineralocorticoids
regulate electrolyte balances
112
glucocotricoids
regulate metabolism of glucose and other feuls
113
sex steroids
reproductive system
114
adrenal cortex layers
3 layers
3 functions
115
hormones begin as what
cholesterol
116
zona glomerulosa will make
mineralocorticoids
117
zona fasciculata and zona reticularis will make
CORTISOL, ADROSTENEDIONE
glucorticoids
sex steroids
118
aldosterone action
up reabsportion of na/sodium
increase secretion of k/potassium
increase water retention
increase blood pressure
119
cortisol action
stim fat and protein catabolism
gluconeogenisis
adapt to stress
anti infalmmatory effects
120
t4 vs t3
t4 has iodine
121
low idoine leads to
low negatice feedback
goiters
no releaseing thyroid hormone
122
androgen action
stim libido
prenatal male development
123
estradiol action
important after menopause in females for bone density
regulate period and pregancy
124
tesosterone action
development of male repro system
stim lidio
sustain sperm production
125
inhibin action
supressing follicle stim hormone
regulate sperm production
126
progesterone action
regulates periods and pregnancy
prep mammary glands for lactation
127
glucagon cells, class, target
alpha
peptide
lvier
128
glucagon action
raise blood sugar
gluconeogenesis in the liver
stim fat catabolism
129
insulin cell class action
beta
peptide
most tissues
130
insulin action
decrease blood sugar
stim uptake of glucose
increase glycogen and triglyceride
131
somatostatin cell, class target
delta
peptide
stomach, intestines, pancresae
132
somatostatin action
regluate glucagon and insulin
regulate digestion and absorption
133
glut 4 is in
muscle and fat cells
134
diabetes type 1
autoimmune disease
beta cells destroyed
absolute deficiency
135
type 2 diabetes
resistance to insulin and some deficiency
most common
for the adults
136
type 1 treatments
insulin
137
type 2 treatment`
weightloss
los glycemia lowering oral meds
138
chronic diabetes complecations
cateracts
mini strokes
hypertension
kidney damage
pancrease ilet cell loss
tingling fingys
139
erythropoietin, EPO
peptide
bone marrow
140
erythropoietin, EPO action
stim red blood cell production
increase hematocrit
blood doping
141
atrail natriuretic peptide
peptide
kidney
142
atrail natriuretic peptide action
na excretion to lower bp
143
gastrin
peptide
stomach
144
gastrin
stim gastirc acid secretion
145
ghrelin
peptide
brain
146
ghrelin action
stim hunger
147
leptin
peptide
brain
148
leptin action
supress appetite
149
human chorionic gonadotropin target and action
ovary
stim corpus luteum
menstration
150
human chorionic somatomammotrpin target and action
mammary glands, material tissues
increase blood sugar
catabolism of fatty acids
151
synergistic effects
work together
FSH and testoerone
152
permissive effects
enhances responsiveness of second hormone
one before another
estrogen progesterone
153
antagonistic effects
opps
insulin and glucagon
