booklet 5

Question 1

Smoking and cancer

Answer 1

Smoking can cause a fault in body cells as they divide. This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer

Question 2

Smoking and COPD

Answer 2

tobacco smoke causes inflammation of airways and destroying air sacs in lungs -> reduced air flow into lungs
and limited ability to utilise oxygen due to damaged lung tissue

Question 3

Smoking and CVD

Answer 3

tobacco smoke reduces oxygen in blood contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate

• tobacco smoke speeds up process of atherosclerosis (build up of plaque in blood vessels) –> increases risk heart attack & stroke

chemicals in tobacco smoke – thickens blood – > more likely to form blood clots – > stroke & heart attack

Question 4

Good fibre and CVD

Answer 4

In the digestive system, soluble fibre can attach to particles of LDL cholesterol and helps excrete them –> decreasing the levels of cholesterol in the body -> reduces risk of CVD

Question 5

Fibre and CRC

Answer 5

Fibre adds bulk to faeces promoting regular bowel movements –> reduce risk of abnormal cells in colon and rectum.

Question 6

Fruit and vegetables

Answer 6

nutrient dense – high minerals and vitamins: vit C, folate, low Kjs, high fibre and antioxidants (neutralise free radicals)

free radicals – damage body cells –
increase risk of health conditions

Question 7

Fruit and vegetables and cancer

Answer 7

antioxidants target free radicals and eliminate from body –> reduces risk of cancer

fibre (in fruit and veg) regular bowel movements –> removes cancerous cells from bowel

Question 8

Fruit and vegetables + obesity

Answer 8

Gives feeling of fullness –> weight management –>reduce risk of overweight and obesity

Question 9

What do HDL’s do?

Answer 9

slows down process of atherosclerosis

Question 10

What do saturated and trans fats do?

Answer 10

increase LDLs

Question 11

what do trans fats do?

Answer 11

decrease levels of HDLs

Question 12

Mono and poly’s role?

Answer 12

reduce levels of LDLs

Question 13

poly’s role?

Answer 13

help increase HDLs and reduce blood clots and inflammation

Question 14

Fats and CVD

Answer 14

too much LDLs in blood -> deposited on walls of blood vessels -> less room for blood to travel to the cells -> cholesterol allows other substances such as calcium to embed into arteries –> hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) –> makes the heart work harder = eventually cut off blood supply completely -> underlying factor for coronary heart disease and stroke

Question 15

Two types of fibres

Answer 15

Soluable and insoluble

Question 16

soluble

Answer 16

oats, fruits, vegetables, lentils

Absorb water and turn into mushy substance

Question 17

Insoluble

Answer 17

skins of fruits and vegetables, wheat bran, nuts seeds

Do not change texture and add bulk to faeces

Question 18

Four types of fats

Answer 18

Polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, trans, saturated

Question 19

Healthy fats

Answer 19

Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated

Question 20

Unhealthy fats

Answer 20

Saturated and trans

Question 21

fat and t2d

Answer 21

Diets high in saturated and trans fats
-> changes the composition of cell membranes -> interfere with the transport of glucose into the cell -> increasing the impact of impaired glucose regulation

Question 22

Sugar and overweight and obesity

Answer 22

sugars are fuel for body – > if consumed in excess and no energy output–> stored as adipose
tissue -> weight gain

Question 23

Salt and CVD

Answer 23

excess sodium Increases blood volume and contributes to hypertension force the heart to work harder. Heart failure can result if the heart cannot keep up with demand from the body.

Question 24

Sugar and T2D

Answer 24

Sugar is high in energy -> not used up
-> converted to fat -> too much fat in the system -> it surrounds the cells of the body -> the insulin that approaches it can’t open up the cells for glucose to come in -> resistant to the action of insulin -> impaired levels of glucose (increases) -> extra pressure on the pancreas -> pancreas won’t work as effectively or break down

Question 25

Lean meats and poultry

Answer 25

Source of protein, vitamin, minerals, and essential fatty acids (Omega 3). Fish, nuts, and seeds contain mono and polyunsaturated

Question 26

Protein's role

Answer 26

Protein is required to maintain healthy cells, tissues, and systems for optimal functioning of many body processes such as immune and cardiovascular function.

Question 27

Antioxidants in what colour vegetables

Answer 27

red and purple vegetables (tomatoes and eggplant)